With the Nigerians in German East Africa

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Cornell University Library
D 576.G3D74

With the Nigerians In German East Africa

3 1924 027 831 860

Cornell University
Library

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the Cornell University Library.

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027831860

WITH THE NIGERIANS
IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

BRIGADIER-GENERAL CUNLIKFE, C.B., C.M.O.

COMMANDANT NIGERIA REtilMENT AND BKIGAUIER-GENERAL OP THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN
GERMAN EAST AFRICA, 1916-1918

WITH THE NIGERIANS

IN

GERMAN EAST AFRICA

BY

CAPTAIN W. D. POWNES. M.G.

ROyAL SUSSEX REGIMENT AND NIGERIA REGIMENT

WITH 31 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 5 MAPS

METHUEN & GO, LTD.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.

LONDON

First Published in igig

I HUMBLY DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO

THE MEMORY OF ALL NIGERIANS

IRRESPECTIVE OF COLOHR, RACE, CREED AND RANK

WHO HAVE GIVEN UP THEIR LIVES IN THE SERVICE

OF THE EMPIRE IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

FROM I916 TO I918

W. D. DOWNES
f

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

THE writer wishes to thank Mr G. H. Wilson of
the Cape Times for most of the information
coijtained in Chapter II ; ^ he also thanks
Captain MUne-Home of the 3rd Nigeria Regiment, and
Mr Stobart, late Intelligence Officer of the Nigerian
Brigade, for all the assistance and information given by
them, without which this book would never have been
written.

The writer's thanks are also extended to Mr Thomas
Fraser Burrowes, C.B.E., and all officers of the Nigeria
Regiment who have so kindly given the photographs
with which this book is illustrated.

All profits from the sale of this book will be given to
the Nigerian branch of the British Red Cross Society, of
which Mr Burrowes, Comptroller of Nigerian Customs,
Lagos, is the Director.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTIOW

CHAPTER II

AN OUTLINED ACCOUNT OF THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN
CAMPAIGN BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE NIGERIAN
BRIGADE IN THAT THEATRE . . . . . 1 4

CHAPTER III

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE IN EAST AFRICA . .. 42

CHAPTER IV

THE ACTION OF THE MGETA RIVER AND AFTERWARDS . 59

CHAPTER V

THE RUFIJI AREA AND THE NGWEMBE ACTION . . 68

CHAPTER VI

OPERATIONS DURING THE RA\NS ..... 89

CHAPTER VII >

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT II6

CHAPTER VIII

THE ACTION OF MKALAMA I3I

CHAPTER IX

THE RUFIJI FRONT AND THE FURTHER OPERATIONS OF THE

3RD NIGERIA REGIMENT I44

CHAPTER X

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN THE KILWA AREA . . l62

X NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

PAGE

CHAPTER XI

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AREA . . • • . 185

CHAPTER XII

THE 2ND AND 4TH NIGERIANS AND THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA . I96

, CHAPTER XIII

THE REMAINDER OF THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE AT THE

BATTLE OF HJAHIWA 2^5

CHAPTER XIV

THE ACTION OF MKWERA ...... 229

CHAPTER XV

THE OPERATIONS OF THE MAKONDE PLATEAU . . 245

I

CHAPTER XVI

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION ...... 257

CHAPTER XVII

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN IN GERMAN TERRITORY . 274

' CHAPTER XVIII

ENVOI ......... 287

AN EPILOGUE ........ 293

APPENDIX A f

LIST OF FIGHTING TROOPS IN THE FIELD AT THE END OF

I916 299

APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF STRENGTHS OF INFANTRY BATTALIONS IN
GERMAN EAST AFRICA, I9I7, ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS
OF MAXIMUM " EFFECTIVE " STRENGTH . . . 301

APPENDIX C
AWARDS IN THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE FOR SERVICE DURING

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN . . . 304

INDEX 345

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Brigadier-General Cunliffe, C.B., C.M.G., Command-
ant Nigeria Regiment and Brigadier-General
OF THE Nigerian Brigade in German East Africa,
1916-1918 ....... Frontispiece

FACING PAGE

Germans at Home ....... 14

A House at Tabora before the Arrival of the Allies 14

A Gun-carrier in full " Marching Ordbr " carrying
A Gun Wheel of the 2.95 Q.F.B.L., a very
AWKWARD Load ; weight, 70 lbs. ... 44

From " Nigeria and the Great War."

On Trek 48

The Germans in the Act of damaging the Central

Railway before retiring South ... 48

This photograph was taken by the Germans themselves.

The Ngeri-Ngeri Bridge ...... 54

As left by the Germans when they tetired south from the Central Railway.

The Grave of Captain Selous, D.S.O. ... 64

The Swinging Bridge over the Rufiji . . , 66

Gun Captured by 2nd Nigeria Regiment at

Tsimbe 66

xi V

xii NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

FACZMG PAGE

A •• Bag " at Duthumi 74

The Rufiji Valley near Kipenio . . . • 90

Company Sergt.-Major Belo Akure, D.C.M., M.M. . 104

From " Nigeria and^tlie Great War."

morogoro . . . . . • - .110

The German Wireless at Mahenge . . . .144

From a German Pliotograpli.

Sprockhoff Blindfolded, with his White Flag by

HIS Side ........ 154

A Sentry on Duty on the Nyangao-Namupa Road . 196
A Machine-Gun in Action at Mahiwa . . . 204

Nigerians in the Trenches . . . . .212

From " Nigeria and the Great War."

The Kashmir Mountain Battery in Actiqn during

the Battle of Mahiwa . . . . .220

A Stokes Gun in Action in the Lindi Area . . 224

The Light Railway in the Lindi Area . . 236

Another use for the Ford Car.

A Machine-Gun in Action during the Battle of

Mkwera ........ 236

Reserve Ammunition Carriers crossing a Deep Valley

on the Makonde Plateau ..... 246

Bringing up Supplies at Ndanda .... 246

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii

FACING PAGE

The Advance on to the Makonde Plateau . . 250

The Nigerian Guns being brought into Action on the

Makonde Plateau 250

A Street in Lindi 260

General Von Lettow Forbeck ..... 282

By kind permission of the lUustraied London News.

Indian Cavalry Crossing the Rovuma into Portu-
guese TerSitory 284

Nigerian Troops embarking at Lindi . . . 284

LIST OF MAPS

Diagram Sketch-Map of the Battle of Bweho Chini 168

Sketch-Map of the Nigerian Positions at the

Battle of Mahiwa ...... ig6

Sketch-Map of the Battles of Mahiwa and Mkwera 212

Sketch-Map of the Battle of Mkwera . . . 230

General Map At End

WITH THE NIGERIANS
IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

CHAPTER I

/

' INTRODUCTION

TO the average " man in the street " at home the
letters W.A.F.F. convey nothing, so it is neces-
sary for me formally to introduce the readers
to the West African Frontier Force, for which the letters
stand. In British West African colonies there are
certain races and tribes that take to fighting as a duck
takes to water. These are trained and led by officers
and non-commissioned officers specially selected for
service in the Tropics, who are seconded for a certain
period from their British regiments to the various
battahons of the W.A.F.F. This account deals entirely
with the Nigeria Regiment of that Force.

It is my hope that, when the reader has finished this
book, he will be as convinced as the writer that these
soldiers from the borders of the sun-scorched Sahara,
from the banks of the Niger and the Benue, from Yoruba-
land and Calabar, are second to none among the dark-
skiimed sons of the Empire as fighting men.

It will probably interest my readers if I set down for
their information a short sketch of the history and doyigs
of this gallant regiment, dating back as it does to the eairly
days of the British Overseas Empire.

2 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

On 9th October 1862 the Governor of British West
African possessions, Stanhope Frftman, wrote from his
headquarters at Sierra Leone to the Duke of Newcastle,
then Colonial Secretary, pointing out the necessity of
increasing the armed forces of Lagos. Up to this time
one hundred men of the West India Regiment formed
the garrison. Of these only thirty-six could turn out
in aid of the civil power ; the rest were either " on
guards " or on the sick list. Stanhope Freeman stated
in his despatch : " Her Majesty's Government, in accept-
ing the territory ceded by King Docemo, have bound
themselves to assist, defend, and protect the inhabitants
of Lagos ; to put an end to the slave trade in this and the
neighbouring coimtries, and to prevent the destructive
wars so frequently undertaken by Dahomey and others
for the capture of slaves. With regard to the assistance,
defence, and protection to be granted to the inhabitants
of Lagos, I should wish to know what steps I should be
authorized to take in the event of Lagos people being
kidnapped and sold by the people of any of the surround-
ing towns ? It would appear to me that we are bound
to rescue them. It is an easy matter if the kidnappers
belong to the places on the borders of the lagoon, where
the mere appearance of a gunboat is sufficient to force
the natives into submission, but in case of the kidnappers
being from a town which a gimboat cannot reach, what
measures am I to take ? Moral ihfluence in these parts
depends upon physical force, ajid therefore the people
of the interior do not acknowledge om- power, as they
say we are very strong on the coast where we have our
ships, but we can do nothing on land. If, therefore, the
Lagos people should be kidnapped and this Government
contents itself with protest, it would not only be failing

INTRODUCTION 3

in its duty towards its subjects, but would also be
lowering the British name, for the natives would not
attribute the action of the Government either to apathy
or forbearance, but to lack of power to hold their rights."
This striking letter was the first \ move towards the
establishment of the W.A.F.F.

In June 1863 the first Hausas were trained as soldiers.
Thirty Hausa police of Lagos were armed and drilled
that year. This force went by the nickname of " The
Forty Thieves," but why I do not know ; nor have I
any records of there being more than thirty all told.
John Glover,^ Lieutenant-Governor of LagoSj wrote to
the Colonial Ofiice on the loth June 1863, stating that
this force of thirty was the pnly available force that could
be looked upon in the light of an expeditionary force.
It was the only force that could be moved out of
Lagos in case of trouble within the " territory." In
this dispatch Glover asked permission from the Colonial
Secretary to increase this force to one hundred men.
He stated : " They are very apt in their drill and 'are
proud of being soldiers, and have shown on two recent
occasions at Epe that they can fight faithfully and well.

* Lieat. Glover, R.N., first arrived off the West Coast when serving
on board the " Penelope." In 1857 he joined the Niger expedition
with Dr Eaikie. On the 24th November 1862 he was promoted to
Commander, when his services at sea came to an end.

On 2ist of April 1863 Commander, or more often known as Captain,
Glover was appointed Administrator of the Government of Lagos ; in
May 1864 he became Colonial Secretary in the same place ; and was from
February 1866 till 1872 again Administrator and lieutenant-Governor.

In 1870 Captain Glover wjis actively engaged in suppressing the
marauding incursions of the Asbantis in the neighbourhood of the
Kiver Volta ; when war with the Ashanti became imminent in 1873,
Glover volunteered for special service. He arrived at Cape Coast in
the early days of September with three hundred trained Hausa soldiers.
His troops materially assisted the work of the main forces under Sir
Garnet Wolseley.

4 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

They require no commissariat nor barracks, and would
form the nucleus of a future permanent force should
such a force ever be formed. I would take the liberty of
suggesting to your Grace that our West India Regiment
might be recruited from this force with much advantage
to Her Majesty's service." ' ,

On the loth October the same year Lieut.-Govemor
Glover again wrote to the Colonial Secretary asking for
an additional force of six hundred Hausas to be added
to the Hausa force of Lagos. These six hundred men
were to be a form of militia, and they jvould come up
for drill two months in each year. When their training
was over they would return to their farms in the out-
lying districts, where they would be stiU guardians of
the peace. The hundred armed police already approved
would continue as a permanent force. The Lieutenant-
Governor states in his dispatch : " These seven hundred
men, with the hundred and ninety-two men of the West
India Regiment, will be a force which will make the
Government respected both within and beyond the
settlement."

Governor Freeman was referred to upon the subject,
and wrote on the 3rd December 1863 in the following
words : "I cannot consider the force of six hundred
poUce as being excessive when it is considered that each
man is only called out for drill and training for two
months during the year. Only one hundred will be
embodied at a time, which number, with the permanent
force of a hundred, will be sufficient for the requirements
of the Colony in any but the most exceptional circum-
stances ; but to have the power, on an emergency, of
sending an armed and disciplined force of seven himdred
men to aiy point in the settlement would be the surest

INTRODUCTION 5

way of guarding against the evils, and perhaps precluding
the event, of such an emergency." Governor Freeman
had, in fact, suggested the raising of a similar force for
Lagos as far back as July 1862. He sums up his reason
for asking the Colonial Secretary to advise* the Queen to
confirm the ordinance for enrolling this force in these wq^ds :
" The expense of this establishment is about one-fifth of
what a similar number of regular troops would cost the
Imperial Government, and the force is more efficient than
the West India Regiment, one-fifth of the men of which are
usually on the sick Hst in this place, while there is rarely
more than one per cent, of the Hausa men ill ; besides
this, they require no commissariat, little or no transport,
and nourish themselves on the products of the country,
which are always to be had. Wearing no shoes, they do
not get footsore on long marches, and the simplicity of
their dress renders it both convenient and economical."

Thus the original suggestion for raising the first of the
Hausa police force came from Commander Glover, who
held the post of the first Commandant of this force.

The extra force of six hundred was duly raised and
placed imder the command of Commander Glbver.
Glover must therefore be looked upon as the father of
the W.A.F.FS. Little did he know that in fifty years'
time the force which he nurtured in its^ infancy would be
called upon to fight a great and powerfiil European nation
in three different theatres of war, namely, Togolaiid, ttie
Cameroons, and German East Africa, and'in each of these
three theatres be victorious.

In 1864 an attempt was made in Lagos to raise the
5th West India Regiment out of the Hausas for foreign
service, but the attempt was doomed to failure from- the
first. To begin with, the Hausas of Lagos were very

6 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

limited in number, their home being a two months'
journey inland. Again, the pausas did not wish to serve
overseas, far away from their own country. Governor
Freeman wrote a long dispatch upon this subject, dated
6th May 1864, at the end of which he states : " I would
therefore strongly recommend that the War Office should
not relinquish the scheme for the enlistment of Hausas ;
but the regiment must be exclusively for African service ;
and this settlement (Lagos) must be compensated for the
loss of the regular force it now has at its command by a
nucleus of the detachment of Imperial troops."

This dispatch put an end to any idea of continuing the
attempt to raise the 5th West India Regiment in Lagos.

Eight months later, we find the Lieutenant-Governor of
Lagos pointing out once again the absolute necessity of
forming a sufficient force locally for the protection of
the Colony. On the 9th April 1865 he again wrote to
the Colonial Office, using in the dispatch the words : " I
consider it my duty to have at my command a sufficient
force for the protection of the settlement."

About this time the Yoruba country was just beginning
to be opened up, and the Lieutenant-Governor very
rightly saw the tremendous possibiUties this country
held for enriching the Empire, but without a sufficient
force he was nearly powerless to open up the country
north of Lagos owing to the unfriendly behaviour of lihe
Egba tribe. In 1865 the Egbas suffered a heavy defeat
at Ikorodu, having come within range of British artillery.
At last the home Government sanctioned the raising of
a regular armed force, known at first as the Lagos Hausa
Constabulary, and the Hausa " Militia " became a force of
the past. This force was destined to see much service both
at home and overseas, taking a most active part under

INTRODUCTION 7

Captain Glover in the Ashantee War of 1873-74. The
Hausa Constabulary, later the Lagos battaUon.^W.A.F.F.,
became the 2nd Southern Nigeria Regiment in 1905, the
Southern Nigeria Regiment in 1911, and re-divided again
in 1914 into the 3rd and 4th Nigeria Regiment. In its
ranks have served many famous black warriors, from the
time of the native officer Yakubu, who was known in
1879 as the father of the Hausas, to Sergt.-Major Belo
Akure, the hero of a dozen fights, and Sergt.-Major
Sumanu with his five medals, both of our time.

The Calabar battalion of the Southern Nigeria Regi-
ment, descended from the forces of the Oil Rivers
Protectorate and part of the Royal Niger Constabulary,
later known as the 3rd Nigeria Regiment, prior to 1911
was known as the ist Southern Nigeria Regiment, but
was amalgamated in that year with the and Southern
Nigeria Regiment into one regiment under the command
of Lieut.-Col. CmiHffe, who becE^me Commandant of the
Southern Nigeria Regiment. On the ist January 1914
the battalion became the 3rd Nigeria Regiment.

The chief actions that the Southern Nigeria Regiment
have taken part in since 1899 ^^^ '■ The Ashantee War
of 1900 ; the Benin River Patrol ; the Brass River
Patrol ; the Benin City Massacre Punitive Patrol ; the
Aro Expedition ; the Onitsha Hinterland and Asaba
Hinterland Expeditions; various Muashi Expeditions;
the Ijebu Ode Expeditions ; various Sonkwala and other
pagan districts Expeditions and Patrols.

The Northern battalions of the Nigeria Regiment date
back to the days of the Oil Rivers Protectorate and
the Niger Coast Protectorate. They were originally an
irregular armed police employed by the Royal Niger
Company to protect their trade both by land and river.

8 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Later they became a disciplined rpgiolar force known as
the Royal Niger Constabulary. At the end of December
1899 Sir Frederick Lugard took over the administration
and constabulary of the old Chartered Company, and on
the 1st January 1900 the Union Jack was hoisted at
Lokoja in the place of the Company's flag. The Royal
Niger Constabulary was incorporated into the West
African Frontier Force, and later became the ist and
2nd Nigeria Regiment.

1900 was to prove a most active year for the Northern
Nigeria Regiment, owing to the outbreak of the Ashantee
War. On the 15th April the first intimation of the turgent
need for assistance reached Sir Frederick Lugard, and
within a very short time an expeditionary force, con-
sisting of 25 officers, 27 British N.C.Os., 4 doctors, 2
nursing' sisters, with 1229 rank and file, and 300 carriers,
represented Northern Nigeria at the Ashantee front.

When it is remembered that the great South African
War had already reduced the supply of Emropeans to a
minimum, this was a notable effort for a five-months-old
British possession to perform. There is no doubt that Sir
James Willcocks, who commanded the troops in Ashantee*
placed special reliance on the Northern Nigerian troops,
to judge by the honours Ust of that campaign. Capt.
Melliss was wounded no less than four times in three
months, and was awarded the Victoria Cross and pro-
moted to Lieutenant-Colonel. Colour-Sergt. Mackenzie
was also awarded the Victoria Cross, whilst Bugler
Moma and Private Ojo Oyo both received the D.C.M. In
the King's Speech at the opening of Parhament, on the
14th February 1901, reference was made to the endurance
and gallantry of the native troops of Nigeria, so ably com-
manded by Sir James Willcocks and led by British officers.

INTRODUCTION 9

On the 23rd July 1901 Col. Morlaxid became Commandant
of the Northern Nigeria Regiment in place of Sir James
Willcocks, who had resigned this appointment.

In 1902 Northern troops were sent to assist the Southern
Nigeria Regiment in the Aro Expedition, under command
of Lieut.-Col. Festing, D.S.O. In 1903 the towns of
Kano and Sokoto were captured by Col. Morland's
expedition, and formed the subject of mention in the
King's Speech at the opening of ParUamenI; on 17th
February 1903. Col. Morland advanced on Zaria on
29th January 1903, and in seven weeks had captured
both these ' great towns, had fought four important
engagements at Babeji, Kano, Sokoto, and ^gain near
Rawia against a Kano army. The hardships during this
expedition were very great, and many native soldiers
and carriers died of cold and lack of water. During this
year there first came into being the Mounted Infantry
Battalion, which was later known as the 5th Nigeria
Regiment. This year was a year of war for the W.A.F.F.,
for in addition to the Kano-Sokoto Expedition there
were many minor operations, the most important being
the Biumi Expedition, in which no less than 18 officers
and 520 rank and file were engaged in the final attack.
Major March and 12 natives were killed in this engage-
ment, while 7 other officers and 137 natives were wounded.

All was peaceful in Northern Nigeria till February
1906, with the exception of minor troubles in the Munshi
country, when without warning a new Mahdi (a Prophet)
declared himself in the Sokoto district with the most
disastrous results. The rising that followed could not
have come at a more imfortunate moment. Sir Frederick
Lugard, being assured of complete peace in the Protec-
torate, had sent the whole mobile force on an expedition

10 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

to the Munshi covintry in order to punish them for their
attack upon the Niger Company's trade depot at Abinsi
on the Benue. A mere handful of men remained at
Lokoja. At Hadeija, half-way between Kano and Bomu,
there was a garrison of a company of Infantry, and
another company of M-I. (Mounted Infantry), but this
force could not be used, as the Emir of Hadeija could^
not be trusted, EUtid therefore the removal of troops from
this area would have been most dangerous.

Major Burdon, the Resident of Sokoto, had just left
in order to go on leave, and Mr Hillary had taken over
the district. The circumstance which distinguished the
Sokoto outbreak from all others was the degree of success
its leaders gained at the outset. The rising had been
plaimed some months before to take place at Satiru,
after the Resident had left Sokoto, and was headed by
MaUam Isa (the Preacher Christ). Mr Hillary, on
hearing of the trouble at the village of Satiru, sent a
messenger after the Resident to recall him, and then
resolved to take the whole M.I. company, then quartered
at Sokoto, to Satiru. When they arrived near the
village he rode forward with Mr Scott, the Assistant
Resident, who acted as his interpreter. Lieut. Black-
wood, who commanded the troops, fearing that the
two civil officers had detached themselves too far from
the escort, came up at the gallop and formed square
with ]^s company. The Satiru people began to charge,
but the civil of&cers were still outside the square. Lieut.
Blackwood made the unforttmate mistake of endeavouring
to advance the square to the two civil of&cers— a fatal
error with mounted troops. Before the square could
re-form the enemy were upon them, the horses took
fright, and a general m€16e ensued. Messrs Hillary and

INTRODUCTION 11

Scott, together with Lieut. Black\yood and twenty-five
rank and file, were killed on the spot, and the remainder
of the British troops were routed, but two troopers of
the M.I. (Mounted Infantry), whose names I am im-
fortimately unable to give, behaved most gallantly, and
regardless of their own lives they nearly succeeded in
saving Mr Scott, and later saved Dr EUis, who was Ijdng
on the ground severely wounded. The Sultan of Sokoto,
in, the meantime, had assembled his own people for the
defence of the Sokoto fort and garrison. It was not till
8th March that sufficient troops had managed to con-
centrate at Sokoto to operate, against the people of
Satiru. On the loth March Major Goodwin, in command
of six hundred troops, marched out against Satiru. Here
he found awaiting him two thousand immoimted men ;
aU very indifferently armed. The rebels fought with the
coiu-age born only of rehgious fanaticism, but all to no
purpose. They made several brave charges, and resisted
the troops of the Crown in a hand-to-hand fight in the
village itself. The fugitives were pursued by the M.I.
and by Sokoto horsemen, in which the rebels suffered
very heavy casualties, This was the last big rising in
the North against the Government.

There were several minor operations during 1906 and
1907, the best known of them being the cave fighting at
Margki, imder command of Lieutenants Chappian and
Chaytor. In this action the W.A.F.F. lost ten rank and
file killed, two officers and forty rank and file wounded. If
the hillsmen had held the caves and tunnels no force on
earth without artillery could have removed them, as they
were well suppUed with unhmited food and sufficient
\ra,ter. In many cases poisoned arrows were shot at a
range of from five to twenty yards through rocky aper-

12 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

tures in the caves from unseen foes. It took three
months' operating to break this unique robbers' den.
In the report upon these operations it is written, " I
venture to state my deliberate opinion that no military
operations have taken place during the last seven years in
which troops engaged had such genuine fighting to do under
conditions extraordinarily difficult and nerve-trying."

In 1900 up to the outbreak of the Great War in 1914,
Nigerian troops, both North and South, have constantly
been employed on patrols and other forms of military
operations. No other forces of the Crown have seen so
much fighting in the same fourteen years. The following
account of the doings of the Nigeria Regiment in East
Africa is not intended as a serious history of the East
African Campaign, but is just a story told by one who had
the honour to go through this campaign with the W. A.F.F.
— one who suffered and laughed, fought and trekked,
worked and rested, starved and fed with this gallant
' band of black volimteers from Nigeria, for it must be
remembered that every Nigerian soldier that went to
German East Africa volimteered his services for that
campaign. I am sure that if those pioneers of Nigeria,
Glover and Freeman, could have seen the regiment, of
which they were the foimders, at Mahiwa, they would
ha^e seen something of which they would have been
justly proud. They could have honestly said to them-
selves, "If we have achieved nothing else in our Uves,
we have anyhow founded a regiment to be proud of."
I hope that when my readers have read this account,
poorly told as it is by an amateur writer, they^ will in
future respect the fighting black man of Africa, for he
has at least proved himself a man. We in England owe
our negro brother-subject a great debt of gratitude for

INTRODUCTION 13

all he has done for pur beloved Empire. Many a native
of Nigeria has trekked his last trek and fought his last
fight far away from his own land for the sake of the
Empire. Ruskin once said war was an injustice of the
ignoblest kind at once to God and Man, which must be
stemmed for the sake of them both. This story has been
written for the express purpose of letting the outside
world know how nobly the West African soldier has
helped to stem this tide of injustice to civilization. The
length of a man's Ufe is not told in words, but in actions,
irrespective of colour, race, or creed ; and until the
" Cease Fire " sounds upon all fronts the W.A.F.F. will
continue to sacrifice themselves willingly upon the altar
of duty, side by side with their different brothers of the
Empire, for the sake of that Empire that has given them
freedom, justice, and all that makes life worth living. I
personally feel it an honour to have been given the
opporttmity to have served with such gallant troops,
who at all times have been brave, chiviailrous, and cheer-
ful, in spite of all they have been called upon to undergo.
One realizes the truth in those four hnes of Kipling after
having served in action with these gallant fellows :

" Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall

meet.
Till earth and sky stand presently at God's great judgment seat ;
But there is neither East nor West, Border nor Breed nor Birth,
When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come from

the ends of the earth ! "

CHAPTER II

AN OUTLINED ACCOUNT OF THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN
CAMPAIGN BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE NIGERIAN
BRIGADE IN THAT THEATRE

THE German flag was first established on the
East Coast of Africa in the year 1884 by Dr
Karl Peters, Dr Thehlke, and Count Pfeil. They
crossed over from Zanzibar and began to negotiate
treaties of annexation with local chiefs, who up to
this time acknowledge the sijzerainty of the Sultan of
Zanzibar. These treaties were endorsed by the Imperial
German Government, who backed up Dr Peters by a
German fleet. By the two Anglo-German Conventions
of 1886 and 1890, the Sultan of Zanzibar was relieved
of all his ipossessions on the mainland, as well as of all
the contiguous islands except Zanzibar and Pemba,
which in 1890 were definitely declared British Protec-
torates. At the outbreak of war the German Pro-
tectorate of East Africa was divided into twenty-four
Administrative areas, and in 1914 the white population
was estimated at about 6000, coloured population at
15,000, and the native population at 8,000,000. The
campaign can be divided into four main phases, each
being capable of further sub-division. The first phase
may be said to comprise the period from the outbreak
of war to the beginning of 1916. The second phase
begins with General Smuts' assumption of the command
of the forces in the field to the crossing of the River

14

CKRM.WS AT HOMK

A HOUS]': AT TAHORA

lil-:[-i>|{Iv THIC AKKIV.M i>|-- THE ATI.IE^
Nfirii; TIfK GP.RMW N\TJ\K SOLDIER IN THE 1- UkKl , [;Ol' >

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 15

Rufiji by the British troops. The third phase from early
January 1917 till the Germans crossed into Portuguese
territory. The fourth phase is the campaign continued
in Portuguese East Africa.

During the first phase, with one or two important
exceptions, the British and Belgians were on the defen-
sive. The second phase was chiefly composed of wide
turning movements on the part of the British and Belgian
troops, which led to the Germans falling back and being
slowly forced to concentrate. The third phase, which
chiefly concerns us in this account, was made up of a
series of big fights, and a determined offensive on the
part of the British. The fourth phase (which is just
touched upon in this book) is von Lettow's (the German
Commander-in-Chief) escape into Portuguese territory
and the operations which ensued.

The main geographical factors are readily discernible
from the map. The eastern coast-Une is roughly some
600 miles in extent from the Portuguese border to the
border of British East Africa. The chief harbours are
Dar-es-Salaam, the coastal terminus of the Central
Railway ; Tanga, at the terminus of the Usambara Hne ;
Kilwa and Lindi. German East Africa is about 384,000
square miles in area. The Union of South Africa is
about 473,000 square miles. Germany and Austria
together are about the same area as the Union. This
win give the reader some idea of the size of the country
which formed the theatre for the East African Campaign.

The chief strategic feature of the German Protectorate
was the Central Railway, which was completed^ shortly
before the outbreak of war, and spanned the coimtry
from Dar-es-Salaam to Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika, a
distance of 720 miles. Everything at the outbreak of

16 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

war was highly favourable to the Germans for a prolonged
resistance. They had the initial advantage of interior
lines ; their Centi;al Railway was admirably planned for
defensive purposes ; on the Great Lakes they had their
gunboats, and at the outbreak of war their military
forces far exceeded any possible force which coidd be
brought against them on any border from those already
on the spot. The very vastness of their territory offered
an awkward military problem. Our total forces in
British East Africa, Uganda, and Nyassaland were vastly
inferior numerically to the troops the Germans could put
into the field, and the majority of K.A.R. (King's African
Rifles) were, in the early days of August 1914, far away
on the SomaU frontier, deaUng with some native dis-
turbance. A short time previously a battalion of K.A.R.
had been disbanded for " economy." The K.A.R. were
hastily recalled ; every able-bodied colonist, both British
and Boer, volunteered for service — ^the latter forming a
separate commando— and in due course the 29th Punjabis
arrived as an advance guard of an Exp^tionary
Force from India, which it was hoped would readjust
the military balance as between British and German
East Africas. Meanwhile actual hostilities had been
opened by our naval forces under Vice-Admiral King
Hall. Dar-es-Salaam was bombarded on 14th August,
the object being to destroy the wireless station. A
naval force landed for the purpose, and carried out
its aim without resistance being offered, subsequently
withdrawing.

Late in August 1914 the Germans were observed to
be concentrating north, and it was clear that their aim
would be to cut the Uganda RaUway, which, running
from Mombasa, passes through Nairobi and terminates

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 17

on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 584 miles
irom the coast. The railway runs practically parallel
with the German border throughout its, length, at
distances var37ing from 50 to 100 miles, and presented
a highly valuable objective for the German attack.
Doubtless the bombardment of Dar-es-Salaam, couplpd
with the complete uncertainty as to the direction from
which the main British attack would come, hampered the
German strategy in those early days, when the numerical
advantage was so decidedly in their favour.

It may be stated that the German offensive was
singularly feeble, and with one or two exceptions quite
futile. Their first offensive move was to seize Taveta,
a smaJl poUce post 6n the British border, east of Kili-
manjaro, which later was the scene of one of the first
British successes. From Taveta many attempts were
made to cross the Serengeti desert, with a view to
destroying the railway near Maungu, but the damage
done was never very serious, and on several occasions
the raiders were captured, with their arms and explosives.
On 4th September 1914: a more serious effort was
made at Tsavo, near Voi — A place famous for a book
called "The Man-Eaters of Tsa,vo." Fortunately the
29th Punjabis had by this time arrived. Several small
actions were fought in this neighbourhood, which is all
dense bush country. The Germans led a force at least
as large as any that could be brought against them.
Lieut. Hardingham, who was in charge of an advanced
post on the Tsavo river, reported that the enemy's
strength was 1000 rifles, with two screw-guns and two
machine-guns. The British troops fought with the
greatest gallantry in country quite new to them, and
after a somewhat severe action the Germans retreated

18 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

by long marches along the Tsavo road, having sustained
considerable losses. The Germans now turned their
attention further west, and 400 rifles occupied Karungu,
the Customs station on the eastern shore of Lake Vic-
toria, without opposition. From here the enemy's force
marched inland to Kisii, 160 nules west of Nairobi, which
place they occupied on nth September. To meet this
raid, 240 K.A.R. were sent down the lake, and after
landing at Kendu Bay made a forced march on Kisii,
where they heavily engaged the enemy. They fought
till their ammunition was exhausted, but the Germans,
unaware of this, abandoned Kisii ; in fact, they retired
so quickly that they abandoned foiir machine-guns and
a quantity of ammunition, as well as their dead and
wounded. This retreat was chiefly due to the fact that
they received the information that a strong British force
was about to land at Karungu, and so cut off their
retreat. This landing the Germans were able to prevent,
but their position was so difficult that a few days later
they abandoned Karungu and retired across the Isbrder.
In the last ten days of September several attempts were
made to invade British territory between Lake Natron
and the sea, but these were all repulsed without difficulty.
At the end of September 1914 the Germans attempted
an attack on Mombasa. It was arranged that the
German cruiser " Konigsberg," which had been in hiding
for some weeks past, should bombard the port, effect a
landing and occupy the island, while the land forces
took the bridge connecting the island with the mainland.
However, owing to Admiral King Hall's activity, the
" Konigsberg " was unable to show herself in the open
sea, but had to remain in hiding in the creeks. The
land expedition succeeded in penetrating so far as Gazi,

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 19

on the coast, but was repulsed during the first week of
October, and forced back across the German border.

This brings us to one of the greatest failures of the
whole campaign — ^the first British attack on Tanga.
I have been unable to get together many details of this
regrettable incident, as no detailed ofi&cial accotmts have
been issued on the subject. The Allahabad Pioneer Mail
of i8th December 1914 gives the following account : —

" The British force, which included both British and
Indiem Regular troops, as well as Imperial Service troops,
sailed from Bombay in October (1914), and arrived off
Tanga, the place selected for a landing, at dayUght on
November 2. Tanga being an qpen town and reported
to be undefended by the enemy, it was apparently deemed
right to give notice of the intention to occupy the place
and to summon it to surrender before commencing a
bombardment. This action was largely responable, as
after events proved, for the failure of the attack. The
summons to smrender made by H.M.S. " Fox," one of
the two escorting warship ;, was refused by the German
Governor, who, it appears, had already received news
of the intended attack and energetically employed the
respite thus afforded him in preparing the place for
defence and in getting up reinforcements from the interior
by raU. AU the troops were ashore by 9 a.m. on
November 4, and an immediate advance on Tanga was
ordered. Some indication of the extreme difficulty of
this operation is afforded by the fact that, although the
distance to Tanga was only if miles, it was 2\ hoius
before our troops came under fire. Artillery support
being almost impracticable owing to the density of the
bush, it was decided to attack without waiting for the
guns to be landed. The guns were accordingly left on

20 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

board and fired from the deck of a transport in the outer
harboiu' at such targets as could be made out. The
advance was begun at noon, and at 2.30 p.m. the troops
came under a heavy fire from rifles and machine-guns.

" The loist Grenadiers, making a fine effort to fill a
gap in the firing line due to the difficulty of advancing
in line through the dense bush, came under exceedingly
heavy cross-fire of rifles and machine-guns. They were
unable to advance, but tenaciously held their own. The
Loyal North Lancashire regiment and the Kashmir
Rifles on the right hand meanwhile slowly gained groimd
and entered Tanga, to the outskirts of which they held
on, despite a heavy fire from the houses, which had been
loopholed and strongly prepared for defence. Unfor-
tunately the somewhat extended disposal of th^ troops,
due to the thick bush, rendered it impossible to support
these regiments at the moment when efiicient support
might have enabled them to carry the town. Darkness
coming brought the action to a conclusion, after which
ovir troops withdrew unmolested to an entrenched position
a quarter of a mile in the rear. In view of the extreme
difiiculty of the country in the vicinity of Tanga, it was
judged inadvisable to attempt a second attack without
adequate reinforcements. Orders for embarkation were
accordingly issued, and this was carried out without any
interference on the part of the enemy."

The British force consisted of one regular battalion of
the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, four battalions of
Indian Imperial Service troops, and one battalion of
Indian Regular Infantry. All these battalions suffered
heavy casualties, and after having failed in their attack
were forced to retire and give up the unequal contest.

Meanwhile the British forces had prepared an advance

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 21

upon the German camp on the slopes of Kilimanjaro.
The advance was timed to start on 2nd November. The
German frontier was to be crossed by two columns
working north-east and south-west of the moimtain.
The Pimjabis stormed the position, taking three succes-
sive lines. However, the two small flanking parties of
the force encountered the enemy in considerable strength
and were forced to retire. On 4th November the Germans
retired from their camp on the Longido, a commanding
feature in the main ridge, which cidminates in Kili-
manjaro. But the British forward movement had been
checked, and no further offensive movement was made
during 1914.

The first success in 1915 was gained by the enemy.
The late Lord Lucas gave a brief accoimt of the affair
in the House of Lords on 22nd April, and so I quote the
following from his speech, as it covers adequately the
course of the campaign up to the end of March 1915 : —
" Early in December 1914 it was found necessary to
institute operations against the German forces which
had penetrated into our territory along the sea coast
north of Tanga, and had there established themselves.
With the aid of the naval forces on the East African
Station these operations were successfully carried out,
and by the .end of December we had driven the enemy
out of British territory. On January 12, 1915, a strong
German force, with guns and machine-guns, secretly con-
centrated against Jassin, and, although every effort was
made io reheve it, I regret to say that the post, after
expending all its ammunition, was compelled to surrender.
I am glad, however, to report that in these operations
the Indian and African troops fought with great gallantry.
On January 8 an expedition was sent from Mombasa

22 NIGERIANS IN GEEMAN EAST AFRICA

to occupy the Ge'fman island of Mafia, situated off the
coast of German East Africa. This was successfully
accomplished with sUght loss ; the island has now been
placed under British rule. On January 9 a small
British force attacked and occupied the German port of
Shirati, on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza.
During December and January steps had been taken to
arm the British steamers on Lake Victoria Nyanza, with
the, result that on March 6 the steamer 'Winifred'
drove ashore and totally disabled the ' Muanza,' the only
German armed steamer on the lake. On March i a
blockade of the East African coast was declared, and
ample steps have been taken to make the blockade
thoroughly effective. On March 12 a German raiding
party of about 300 men was attacked near Karungu in
the Victoria Nyanza district by a force of mounted
infantry and King's African Rifles, and driven, with con-
siderable loss, over the German border. Latterly, owing
to the raiiiy season, no operations of any magnitude have
been undertaken, although there have been several
encounters with hostile patrols."

The German accoimt of these operations was as
follows : "A strong British force was beaten in a two-
days' battle on January iSth-igth near Jassin. The
British lost some 200 killed. Four companies were
captured. The total losses of the British were about
700 men, 350 rifles, one machine-gun and 60,000 rounds
of ammunition. The German losses were 7 officers and
II men killed, and 12 officers, 2 staff surgeons and
22 men wounded, and 2 missing."

The Isle of Mafia was occupied by British troops on
loth-iith January.

On 22nd January the British light cruiser " Astrsea "

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 23

bombarded the Custom house on the Isle of Kwale, and
on the 1st February the plain of Kipnje, without doing
any damage. On 6th February the cruiser bombarded
Kissiwami.

The steamer " Adgital," which had been captured by
the British after heavy fighting, was put out of use on
6th February at the mouth of the Rufiji river, where
she was engaged in making a recoimaissance.

At Kirfurbira a British detachment of forty men were
surprised by the Germans. The British retreated after
losing seventeen dead. There were no German losses.

All these events, though on a small scale, served to
indicate that the conquest of East Africa would not be
another Togoland, but would be a very formidable task.
The of&cer who wrote home in these early days very
rightly foresaw what was ahead for the British when he
wrote : " We want as many Maxims with trained white
gun crews as they can cram into the country. The
Germans are simply bristling with Maxims, and use them
like artists, and Maxims do 90 per cent, of the damage
we suffer. If the Government think we can muddle
through this show, they'll find that we'll get badly mauled.
We are up against a powerful and determined enemy,
who are not to be despised." I do not know the name of
the writer of this letter, but should he ever read this book,
I congratulate him upon his foresight. I must thank
Mr G. H. Wilson of the Cape Times for the copy of this
letter, as it is most interesting in the hght of after events.

From the Jassin battle tiU March nothing of any great
importance took place ; with the exception of small
German raids on the Uganda railway, all was quiet in
East Africa.

In March 1915 there was an important operation on

24 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Victoria Nj^nza. On the eastern shore of the lake, in
the Karungu district, a German column under Capt.
Hasethausen had managed to penetrate some distance
into British territory. On gth March the invaders were
badly defeated and scattered by a force of King's African
Rifles, under Lieut.-Col. Hick^on. West of the lake our
troops were in position along the River Kagera opposed
to a German force which had been operating from the
lake port of Bukoba. An attack was plaimed by our
General Staff on this force so as to paralyse any further
offensive move by the enemy in this area. The following
account of these operations will be found in Mr John
Buchan's history of the East African Campaign. I here
quote from his book :^—

" The plan was to send an expedition by steamer from
the British port at Kisumu, on the eastern shore, about
240 miles away, and at the same time to advance our
forces across the 30 mUes which separated the Kagera
river from Bukoba. The expedition sailed on June 20
(19I5). It was under the command of Brigadier-General
J. A. Stewart, and consisted of detachments of the King's
African Rifles, the 2nd L6yal North Lancashires, and the
25th Royal Fusiliers (the Legion of Frontiersmen),
together with some artillery. Bukoba was reached on
June 25, when the enemy's forces, some 400 strong,
were defeated after a sharp action, in which the Arab
troops fought bravely on the German side. We captured
most of their artillery, and inflicted heavy casualties.
As a sidelight on German poUcy, it may be noted that a
Mohammedan standard of European manufacture was
found in the house of the German Commandant. This
action kept the Uganda borders more or less quiet dming
the summer."

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 25

Lord Kitchener telegraphed to Generals Tighe and
Stewart his congratulations on this success. A short
time before this successful British raid another im-
portant operation had been successfully carried out by
the Navy on Lake Nyassa. On 30th May the German
^ port of Sphinxhaven was attacked by a naval force under
conmiand of Lieut.-Commander Dennistoun, supported
by field artillery and a landing party of King's African
Rifles. The town was bombarded from the lake, and
the enemy were forced to retire, leaving behind them
arms, ammunition, and other military stores, ^^om-
mander Deimistoun then shelled the German armed
steamer " von Wissmann," and completely destroyed it.
This gave us the naval command of Lake Nyassa.

The next important operation was the destruction of
the " Konigsberg," which had been hiding in the mouth
of the Rufiji river since October 1914. For this in-
formation I again quote from Mr Buchan's history :

" When we discovered her, we sank a collier at the
mouth of the river, and so prevented her Escape to open
seas. E^rly in June Vice-Admiral King Hall, Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Cape Sta,tion, brought out two
monitors, the ' Severn ' and the ' Mersey.' Our air-
craft located the exact position of the ' Konigsberg,'
which was surrounded by dense jimgle and forest. On
the morning of July 4 the monitors entered the river
and opened fire. The crew of the ' Konigsberg ' had
made their position a strong one by means of shore
batteries, which commanded the windings of the river,
and look-out towers with wireless apparatus, which gave
them the range of any vessel attacking. Owing to the
thick jungle a direct sight of the enemy was impossible,
and we had to work by indirect fire, with aeroplanes

26 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

/

spotting for the guns. The bombardment of Jijly 4,
which lasted for six hours, set her on fire. The attack
was resumed on July 11, when the vessel was completely
destroyed either as a result of our shelling or because she
was blown up by her crew. The fate of this German
cruiser, marooned for months far from the open seas,
among rotting swamps and jungles, is one of the most
curious in the history of naval war."

The " Severn " and the " Mersey'" remained out in
these waters during the whole campaign.

Unfortimately for us the Germans managed to salve
all the " Konigsberg's " guns, which later were used
with much success against the British in their advance.

On 28th-29th June the Northern Rhodesian Police and
Belgian troops, under command of Capt. and Temp.
Major J. J. O'Sullevan, were attacked near Abercom, in
N.-E. Rhodesia, at an entrenched position at Saisi. The
attack was repelled and the position strengthened. At
the end of July the Germans again attacked Saisi in
far greater numbers. This time the Allies were greatly
outnumbered, but made a most heroic defence of the
position. After suffering heavy casualties the enemy
(under the command of General Wahle) were driven off,
and on 3rd August they retired. General Wahle was
on leave from Germany in East Africa when war was
declared. He had with him the i8th, 23rd, 24th, and
69th Field Companies ; also four other companies whose
numbers are unknown, .besides the Tabora and Rukwe
contingents of 400 Europeans and 200 Arabs. The war
strength of a German field company at the commence-
ment of the campaign was 10 officers and European
N.C.Os., 10 European volunteers, and 200 native
Ask^ris. The German strength in tl^ese operations at

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 27

Saisi must have been about 1800 rank and file and about
500 Europeans. O'Sullevan's strength was only 470
native troops with 19 Europeans. His garrison had very
little food, and could only get water at night from the
neighbouring river. On 31st July the Germans sent out
a white flag to O'Sullevan demanding his surrender.
O'Sullevan would not consider any terms, so the Germans
attacked the position, with the result that they had 40
Europeans and 50 to 60 Askaris killed. It was estimated
that the Germans fired about 216 shells and at least
90,000 roionds of ammunition into the British perimeter.
The whole operation was most creditably carried out by
the defending forces. Capt. O'Sullevan was promoted
to the rank of Major and awarded the D.S.O. in connec-
tion with his services in this engagement. During the
rest of 1915 there were only minor operations, such as
occasional German raids in the direction of the Uganda
railway, smaJl skirmishes along the Uganda border, and
small engagements on the lakes. In August the enemy
made one more determined attack on the Uganda rail-
way, which was also repulsed. This brings us to the end
of the first phase of the campaign.

Gen. Sir H. Smith-Dorrien and his staff had arrived in
South Africa at the end of 1915, but most unfortunately
for the rapid completion of this campaign that gallant
officer fell sitk at Cape Town and was unable to take over
the appointment of Commander-in-Chief in East Africa.
G«n. Smuts was therefore appointed in his place, and sailed
from South Africa on 12th February 1916 in command
of an Imperial Service contingent raised in South Africa
for service in East Africa. On the same day Gen. Smuts
assumed command of His Majesty's Forces in German
East Africa. The situation in East Africa at this time

28 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

is well explained in Gen. Smuts' dispatch published in
July 1916. From this we find that the German forces
in February of that year were estimated at 14,000 native
rank an'd file, 2000 Europeans, 60 guns and 80 machine-
gims, though the number of machine-guns and native
rank and file was imder-estimated. This was subsequently
proved by the known casualties and surrenders of the
enemy, added to the number which escaped into Portu-
guese East Africa. The enemy at the time were occupying
considerable tracts of British territory. I quote now
from the official dispatch :

" At Taveta they had estabUshed a large entrenched
camp with an advanced position at Sahta and an en-
trenched camp at Serengeti, and an outpost at Mbuyumi.
At Kasigau they maintained a garrison of 500 to 600
rifles, with the object of delapng our concentration 1^^
blowing up the Uganda railway and the Voi-Taveta
railway. In the coastal area they maintained a con-
siderable garrison on the Umba river, and actually
patrolled thence to the vicinity of the Uganda railway,
Mwele, Mdogo, and Gazi. At numerous points along
the 600 miles of land frontier the opposing troops were
in touch, and the result was that Gen. Tighe had to
disseminate widely his small force, and was unable to
keep any large reserve in hand to meet a siidden call."

Gen. Tighe had been put in charge of tl;ie preUminary
operations before the arrival of Gen. Smuts and his staff,
and to prepare for the offensive operations that were to
follow. Thus Gen. Smuts was able to begin his offensive
immediately on his arrival in British East Africa. Only
five weeks remained to Gen. Smuts before the rainy
season commenced in the Kilimanjaro district. A few
days before the arrival of Gen. Smuts, Gen. Tighe had

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 29

reconnoitred the German position at Salita with three
battalions of the 2nd South African Brigade. The enemy
were foimd to be strongly entrenched. The general plan
of attack on this position and how it was carried out I
give here word for word from" an unpublished article by
G. H. Wilson of the Cape Times : " The plan was broadly
to avoid frontal attacks against strongly held positions.
\The 1st Division, based on Longido, was to cross the
waterless bush between Longido and the Engare Nanjuke
river, occupy .the latter and then advance between Meru
and Kilimanjaro to Boma Jangombe. Hereafter it was
to march to Kahe and cut the enemy's communication
by the Usambara railway. The ist South African
Moimted Brigade, 2nd Division, was to advance through
the gap between KihmanjaroVnd the Pare hills against
the enemy's main force, which was concentrated dn the
neighbourhood of Taveta and at Salita. The enemy's
total force in the Kilimanjaro area was estimated at
6000 rifles, 37 machine-guns and 16 guns. The move-
ments of the various divisions were so co-ordinated in
accordance with a carefully drawn up time-table."
Limitations of space compels a mere resum^ of operatioi^s
which resulted in the clearing of the Kilimanjaro area,
and only just fell short of bringing the whole campaign
to a triumphal conclusion within a fortnight of the
arrival of Gen. Smuts on the scene (of action. The ipap
wiU show the general character of the plan, and how it
was carried into effect. The ist Division, under Gen.
Stewart, duly advanced on its great outflanking project,
being given two clear days' start. At 2 p.m. on 7th
March it had reached Gereragua. On the 9th it halted
to reconnoitre and allow supplies to come up. On the
loth, in Gen. Smuts' words, " Gen. Stewart considered

80 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

it necessary to halt and reconnoitre for a road further
west. On the 13th he was at Boma-Ja-Ngombe. On
the 14th he joined hands with Gen. van Deventer in
New Moschi. But he arrived too late. The enemy,
after being driven from their position at Salita and
Taveta, as will presently be described, had effected their
retreat on the Kahe and the Ruvu river position. The
splendidly conceived plan had just failed of the reward
which was justly its due. Had the ist Division been
able to keep to the allotted time-table, miUtary opinion
in East Africa holds that although the movement
demanded the greatest energy and decision, it was well
within the capacity of Gen. Stewart's troops, and there
can be little doubt that the course of the campaign
would have been very different — ^the greater part of the
German forces, including the whole of the staff, would
have been caught in Gen. Smuts' skilfully flung net, and
the war in East Africa might have been at an end in a
month." Though these operations were only a partial
success, they cleared the whole KiUmanjaro area of the
enemy within a fortnight of the beginning of the British
offensive.

In the meantime the ist South African Mounted Brigade
and the 3rd South African Infantry Brigade — ^both under
Gen. van Deventer — ^were operating against the enemy's
position at Taveta and Salita, and were endeavouring
to turn the position from the west. These operations
resulted in the enemy abandoning the Salita position
on loth March. The Taveta position was occupied a.
few days later after a hard fight. From here the enemy
retreated to Latma Nek towards the south-west, and
along the Taveta Moschi road to the west. The fighting
at Latma Nek was most obstinate. The enemy held

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 31

strongly prepared positions on the slopes of densely
wooded hills. Portions of these hiUs were taken and
retaken several times in the heavy fight of nth March.
The Rhodesians and King's African Rifles gallantly
pressed home an assault on Latma Ridge, but were
imable to make the groimd good. Gen. Tighe ordered a
night attack by the 5th and 7th South African Infantry.
Col. Byron, the commander of the 5th South African
Infantry, gained the Nek himself with eighteen men by
midnight, but ^ding it impossible to hold his ground, was
forced to retire. The 7th South African Infantry had in
the meanwhile secured a firm hold north and south of the
position attacked by Col. Byron, and maintained it imtU
reinforced the following morning, when the enemy were
seen to be retiring. The enemy's strength in this action
was between 1500 to 2000 rifles. Fifty of their dead
were foimd on the position. From here van Deventer
advanced west and occupied Moschi without opposition,
the enemy having retired south-east towards the Kahe.
Much might be written here if space permitted of all the
hardships encoimtered by white troops in a tropical
cUmate. Before this campaign many men that took part
in it did not know what it was to be ill. After a few
weeks thousands of these once healthy men returned to
the Union broken in health, not to know for months
after leaving East Africa what it was to be really healthy
and free from pain. Many never wiU get over their
experiences, whilst again many a strong and healthy
man never returned to his native land, but feU a victim
to malaria, dysentery, black water, or enteric contracted
in German East Africa. I do not know a more pitiable
sight than a man that one has known as once a strong
and powerful athlete, brought by sickness and privation

32 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

to a poor and wretched thing of skin and bone — Fate's
caricature of a man. Malaria takes many forms. Some-
times just a shiver ; next a spUtting head and feverish
body ; other times severe vomiting followed by aches
and pains all over the body, and burning heat. Thus in
the East African campaign, where^ sickness was as bad
an enemy as the Germans to the soldier, the hospitals
played a most important part. Malaria was at all times
the chief enemy of the white soldier and the Indian.
However, the ration question had much to do with the
poor condition of many, thus igaking them an easy prey
to malaria. I haye talked to several men who were with
Gen. van Deventir during his advance, and all tell me
that frequently they had to go aU day without any
rations, and depended entirely on mealy cobs picked from
local farms through which they passed. In these early
days of the campaign the white soldier carried his pack
and full kit — ^the same as if he were in Europe — ^but
mosquito nets were an unknown part of the men's eqmp-
ment, whilst the daily dose of five grains of quinine was
not thou^t to be as necessary a daily ration as bully
beef and biscuits. Much had to be gone through first
before the soldier's condition was to any great extent
improved. I do not think that any army coiild have
suffered more than the first white troops that arrived in
East Africa early in 1916. About 80 per cent, of the
regiments was, after a few months, no longer fit for active
service.

On i8th March a general advance towards Ruvu was
commenced. On 20th March Gen. Sheppard, in command
of the Indian Brigade, had his camp at Store attacked
by an enemy force of about 700 men. The enemy were
repulsed. On the 21st March van Deventer occupied

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 33

Kahe station and Kahe hill. As soon as this was com-
pleted Gen. Sheppard, with the 2nd East African Brigade
and the 2nd South African Brigade, pushed on to Ruvu
river, and at dawn on the 22nd March, after severe
fighting in dense bush, the enemy crossed that river,
abandoning a 4.1 naval gun after they had blown it up.
Gen. Smuts in his dispatch summed up his operations
ia the following words : " The result of these operations
from the i8th-2ist March was to drive the enemy out of
the country north and along the Ruvu river. Aruscha
had meanwhile been occupied by our mounted scouts,
who drove off an enemy's company in a southerly direc-
tion, and thus the conquest of the Kilimanjaro-Meru
areas, probably the richest and most desirable districts
of German East Africa, was satisfactorily completed.
After his advance the British force had to be organized
before any further advance could be made. The Ruvu
river was held by a chain of outposts."

The enemy had by this time split up into two
portions : one had retired towards Tanga, and the other
had marched south-west towards the Central Railway
through Kondoa Irangi, making for Kilimatinde and
Dodoma.

In the middle of April van Deventer started his march
to Kondoa. During this long advance this general did
not trouble about his supply column and transport, but
lived as far as possible upon the country. European
troops were thus forced to live on meaUes, sugar-cane,
sweet potatoes, cassava, etc., and in consequence suffered
greatly from sickness.

Van Deventer arrived at Kondoa by way of Kassile
on 15th April, but with a very weak force. If the
Germans had made a determined resistance tp the

3

34 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

advance about this date he would have found himself
in a very dangerous position. But the luck of war was
on his side, and the enemy, thinking they were opposed
to a strong force, fell back towards the Dodoma and
Kilimatinde district. The British force in this area was
not more than 500 strong, with an ever-increasing daily
sick return. Reinforcements were sent to Kqndoa as
quickly as possible from the north, and by 9th May the
position was consolidated. Thus the Grermans lost , a
golden opportunity ; they did not discover their mistake
till too late. On 9th May Col. von Lettow Forbeck, the
German Commander-in-Chief, arrived on the scene, and
immediately attacked the British position. For three
days they continued the attack ; the German Askaris, as
they did frequently at later dates, attacked with the
greatest gallantry, and again and again advanced to the
assault, each time suffering very heavy casualties, but
at every attack they were repulsed. The nth battalion
of the South African Infantry had to stand the brunt
of the fighting during these three days. This battalion
did most excellently, for it must be taken into accotmt
that they had just finished a twenty-four dasrs' forced
march in order to reinforce van Deventer. In their
attacks the Germans lo^t 150 killed and a very large
niiunber of wounded. They eventually retired, leaving
Kondoa Irangi in the hands of the British.

In the meantime, on the Northern Front the British
forces were estabUshed at Kahe, with posts along the
Ruvu. In this formation they remained until the end of
May, when the advance was re-commenced. Columns
under Brigadier-General Haimyngton and Major-General
Hoskins pressed steadily south. On 15th July Gen.
Hannyngton had taken Korogwe, on the Tanga railway.

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 35

Generals Hoskins and Sheppard moved from here on to
Handeni, a strong enemy position 60 miles due west
of the mouth of the Pangani river. Gen. Sheppard
manoeuvred the enemy out of their position without
fightiag an action. However, on the following day the
5th South African Infantry took part in a sharp action,
in which they suffered many casualties. Xliis battalion's
advanced guard walked into a skilfully prepared trap
whilst marching along a narrow, bush path. Fighting
continued till dark, when the Germans retired. Handeni
was occupied on 19th June, and by 24th Jtihe British
troops were 40 miles south of that place on the Luki-
gura river, on the western side of which the enemy had
taken up a position in the dense bush. The British
deUvered a frontal holding attack on the morning of the
24th June, while the main attack was delivered later
against his left flank and rear. The attack was most
successful, and the British, whose casualties were ex-
tremely light, captured eleven Europeans, a pom-pom,
two machine-gims, and a quantity of rifles and ammuni-
tion. On 7th July the British marched into Tanga
without serious opposition, but before the Germans
evacuated the town they blew up the water-works and
did as much damage as they could in the time. The
capture of this place brought the whole of the Tanga
railway into the hands of the British. From Tanga the
enemy fell back on to Korogwe and Handeni. Sharp
fighting took place at the former place on 15th July.
On the same day Gen. Hannyngton attacked SaJsarre
HiU, and captured a strong enemy position, together with
a Hotchkiss gun.

August saw a good many small engagements take place,
chiefly carried out by South African mounted troops

36 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

against small detached parties of the enemy which had
been menacing Gen. Smuts' lines of commmiication.

On 5th July Gen. van Deventer resumed the offensive
towards the Central Railway. The advance was made
by three roads, and everywhere met with success. On
the central Une an entire German camp fell into British
hands, whilst on the eastern road large quantities of
German supplies and ammimition were seized. On
29th July Dodoma — a. big station on the Central Railway
— ^was occupied by van Deventer's troops. KiUmatinde
and Kokombo, two other important railway stations,
were captured. At Tschungi, also on the Central Rail-
way, the enemy were again encountered, but after a hard
fight they fell back on to Mpapua or Mpwapwa, 10 miles
further east along the railway.

During August the British force from Tanga, co-
operating with the naval forces, occupied in succession
Sadoni, Pangani, and Bagamojo— all |;hree places being
coastal towns. At 9 a.m. on the 4th September Dar-es-
Salaam surrendered to the same force. The capture of
Dar-es-Salaam was most important, both from a strat-
egical and political point of view, for in addition to being
the capital of German East Africa, it was the terminus
of the Central Railway and an extremely good seaport.
A few days before its fall Morogoro was captured by
van Deventer's force. The capture of this place was
followed two weeks lajer by the faU of Tabora. This
placed the whole of the Central Railway from Tanga to
Dar-es-Salaam in the hands of the AlUes, togetlier with
the entire territory north of this railway and east of a
Hne drawn from Tanga north to Muanza on Lake Victoria.

Tabora was taken by the Belgian forces on the
19th September after very heavy fighting. During

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 37

August Gen. Botha made an official visit to East
Africa.

I have now reviewed briefly the advance of Gen. Smuts'
force from British East Africa to the Une of the Central
Railway. There were two other forces distinct from
Gen. Smuts' — Gen. Northey's and the Belgian contingent.
The former force was based on Nyassaland and Rhodesia ;
the latter on the Belgian Congo. During 1914 and eariy
in 1915 the Rhodesian border was constantly being
threatened by small raiding parties. At the outset of
the campaign the British forces available to defend this
border were very small, but had most gallantly held a
200-mile frontier for all these months.

Gen. Northey had accompanied Gen. Sir Horace Smith-
Dorrien from the United Kingdom to Capetown, arriving
at the latter place on Christmas Eve, 1915. Gen. Northey
was a regular soldier, and had seen much service in
France during the early weeks of the war, where he had
been badly wounded. After a few days spent at Cape-
town and Pretoria he left for Rhodesia. On 23rd January
he was at Beira, where he had a consultation with the
Portuguese governor, and on 19th February he reached
Karonga on Lake Nyassa. Up to May 1916 his time
was spent in reorganizing and distributing the forces
along the border, converting the garrisons between Lake
Nyassa and Lake Tanganyika into mobile columns, and
arranging for supplies and transport. A proof that the
administrative services of these forces were extremely
good is found in the fact that never on one day did Gen.
Northey's troops go without their rations. I here quote
from Gen. Northey's dispatch, dated loth March 1917 :

" Arrangements were made by which we were able, in
a feW^ months, to deploy, feed, and ammunition columns

38 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

operating loo miles north of Bismarckberg, east of
Irangi, and 50 miles east of both Lupembe and
Songea. The distances by road from Bismarckberg to
New Langenberg, thence to Irangi, and from Irangi to
Songea, are each about 200 miles. None of the roads
are more than improved native paths ; the country is
bad — Chilly and moimtainous, much of it being dense
bush and very unhealthy.

" It must be remembered that up to our own frontier
all supphes had to be brought either through Rhodesia,
some 600 miles from the nearest railway, by native
bearers, or from Chinde up the Zambesi thrpugh
Nyassaland and up the lake, a distance of 700 miles,
with constant transfers from a sea-going ship to a stem-
wheeler, railway, motor, carriers, and lake steamer.

" In addition to the troops of the columns, many
thousands of carriers had to be fed, and it must be borne
in mind that each carrier eats the equivalent in weight
of his own load in three weeks.

" This colossal task was considerably helped later by
the arrival of hght motor lorries. ... In six months
450 miles of motor road were made, and from Mwaya to
the Poroto hills, just north of New Langenberg, the road-
level varied from 1500 to 8000 feet above sea level.

" On 25th May we attacked the enemy all along the
frontier, and by the end of July had cleared him out of
the whole of the New Langenberg and Bismarckberg
districts, occupying about 20,000 square miles of their
rich and fertile country, and captured many prisoners
and much war material. During August and September
we made a complete wheel to the eastward, pivoting on
the north end of Lake Nyassa and driving our enemy,
who had now been reinforced, from the north eastwards

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 89

from the districts of Irangi, Ubena, and Songea, the
occupation of Irangi being synchronized with the arrival
of Gen. vaji Deventer at Eilossa.

" From October to February the troops under my
command had some hard fighting. In addition to our
original opponents we had to deal with Major Kraut (the
late adversary of the 2nd Division) on our right, while
the Tabora forces under Gen. Wahle, ordered to join
Kraut, came down on our left, and across our Unes of
communication. Kraut, in his attempt to block Colonels
Hawthorne and Murray, suffered very heavily on the
Ruhudje river, and the Tabora forces lost about half their
numbers in getting across.

" Between 30th October and 26th November we in-
flicted over 600 known casualties on the enemy. . . ."

Gen. Northey's force at the commencement of his
offensive was organized in four columns. His force
included the 1st and 2nd South African Rifles, the ist
King's African Rifles, the Northern Rhodesian PoUce
(native), the British South African PoUjie (Rhodesians),
and some naval guns.

In August 1914 the Germans had opened hostilities
against the Belgian territory by bombarding Albertville
on Lake Tanganyika, the terminus of the Belgian-Congo
Railway. At the time the Belgians were not able to
take the offensive against the Germans.

At the beginning of 1916 the Belgians began to assemble
on the extreme north-west border of German East Africa.
This force was under the command of Gen. Tombour;
his sphere of operations was from Ujiji on Lake Tangan-
3dka to Tabora, a distance of 250 miles ; from Lake
Tangan3dka to Lake Kivu ; from the Belgian Congo to
Victoria Nyanza ; from Muanza to Tabora.

40 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

In April the Belgians advanced in two columns, and
by the end of May had made a big advance eastward
towards Victoria Nyanza. On 12th August a Belgian
brigade occupied St Michael south of Lake Victoria,
having thus completed an advance of 312 miles. During
this advance the Belgians had defeated the enemy in
five engagements, th^ actions of 3rd July and 13th July
being very successful, and costly to the enemy. At
St Michael the Belgians established touch with the
British who had occupied Muanza, and had advanced
south along the main Tabora road. The Germans took
up a strong position 50 miles south of Muanza. In the
meantime another Belgian column closed Lake Tangan-
yika and seized Ujiji, the western terminus of the Central
Railway. By 29th July this column had advanced east
for 62 miles along the railway. The enemy stubbornly
resisted this advance, and many sharp engagements
were fought, in which the Germans lost over a himdred
killed. The Belgians captured two 4.1-inch naval guns
off the " Konigsberg." Another of these guns was
taken at Muanza.

The German force south of Muanza, fearing that their
line of retreat was in danger, fell back on Tabora, on
which place the Belgian columns from the north, south,
and west were converging. At Usoke a three-day battle
was fought from gth September to nth September by
Col. Molitor's Belgian column, the main German force
retiring on Tabora. The enemy, seeing that their position
was desperate, began a hurried evacuation of the town,
whilst they held the ever-increasing force of the Belgians
at bay for a week. On 19th September the Belgians
entered Tabora. In the advance on this place the
Germans lost at least 50 Europeans and 300 native

THE GERMAN EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 41

soldiers killed, in addition to loo unwounded European
prisoners, the Belgian losses being not nearly as heavy.
On entering Tabora the Belgians released 189 European
prisoners of war or interned civilians of the Allied Powers.
In these operations the Belgians had conquered a terri-
tory nearly four times as large as Belgium In Europe.
Of a portion of the German forces that retired froni_
Tabora we shall hear more later, as the Nigerian troops
were destined to come in contact with them north of the
Central Railway during June 1917 (see Chapter VII.).

The completion of these operations placed the whole of
the Central Railway in the hands of the AUies from ter-
minus to terminus. From the line of the railway the
Germans feU back towards the Rufiji river.

For two months there was very Httle activity to be
noted on either side. The British position was con-
solidated, the brigades re-organized, the Central Railway
almost relaid, and food dumps established.

The British column from Morogoro had pressed forward
to Tulo, and later to Duthumi. . There was sharp fighting
near the latter place on the i6th September igi6, in
which both sides suffered several casualties.

In the middle of December Gen. Beves, of the South
African Infantry Brigade, left Morogoro for the Duthmni
front. On the nth December the first Nigerian troops
landed in German East Africa.

^f

CHAPTER III

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE IN EAST AFRICA

BEFORE going any further it is necessary to leave
East Africa for a time and turn to Nigeria itself.
The following few remarks on the formation of the
Nigerian Brigade are not intended to reflect badly on
any individual, for at one time it was never expected
that Nigerian troops would be called upon to take part
in operations away from the West Coast of Africa. There
are a number of things to be taken into account to answer
for the state, that the Brigade iound itself in when it
sailed for East Africa. That it was able, in spite of aU,
to give a good account of itself within a few days of dis-
embarking only speaks the better for the West African
as a fighting man.

Most of the Nigeria Regiment had taken part in the
Cameroon campaign, which did not officially come to
an end before the 31st March 1916, but by this date the
greater part of the Nigeria Regiment had returned to
their different peace stations in the Protectorate and
Colony, That the regiment had done most excellently
during that campaign is proved by the fact that in a
comparatively short period of eighteen months the
German Cameroons had been completely conquered and
the German flag removed from the whole of the West
Coast of Africa. Prior to this, it never had entered the
heads of the average European living in West Africa

42

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 43

that the services of the W.A.F.F. would be required in
any other theatre of war. In May 1916 it was first
nunoured that troops might be sent away from the
West Coast to take part in the German East African
campaign. In June the Gold Coast regiment of the
W.A.F.F. sailed for East Africa, arriving there in time
to take part in the operations . of July and onwards,
already referred to in the previous chapter, I would
like to write more upon the wonderful work performed
by this regiment, but am sorry that the doings of the
Gold Coast regiment cannot form any part of this
chronicle, for the reasons both of time and space. Their
gallaniry is beyond praise, and the Protectorate of the
Gk)ld Coast must be indeed proud of" possessing such a
regiment. The Gold Coast has set an example which
other British dependencies of Africa should be proud to
follow, from the point of view both of its regiment and
of the cooperation and assjstance rendered by all in
that Colony so that their troops might want for nothing.
The Gold Coast Regiment has suffered most heavily
both in officers and men. The gallant Capt. Butler, who
was awarded the V.C. for his services in the Cameroon
campaign, is unfortunately amongst the many of that
regiment that will return no more. He was killed on
the Ruvu river, not long after the arrival of that regi-
ment in East Africa. The Gold Coast Regiment volun-
teered for service overseas soon after their return to the
Gold Coast from the Cameroons. Their services were
promptly accepted by the Imperial Government. In
July 1916 the estabhshment of most of the Nigerian
infantry companies was reduced. Time-expired men, at
the close of hostilities in the Qinieroons, were permitted
to take their discharge. From these and from many

U NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

other signs the average man in Nigeria deduced that as
far as Nigeria was concerned that country would not be
called upon to make any further sacrifice for the Empire.
About this time the mihtary authorities in East Africa
had decided that the use of European troops in that
theatre was most wasteful owing" to the heavy sick
returns ; thus native troops were badly needed to rejplace .
the white troops. The Gold Coast Regiment had already
made its name, and the fact was proved that, as far as
that regiment was concerned. West Africa could produce
excellent fighting material. The authorities therefore
turned the^ eyes towards Nigeria, where the soldier was
enhsted from very similar people to those that filled the
ranks of the Gold Coast Regiment.

It was not tiU the end of August 1916 that instructions
were issued for raising a Nigerian overseas contingent.
One of the chief conditions laid down in these instruc-
tions was that the men serving in the Nigeria Re^ment
should be called upon to volunteer for service overseas.
The result of this call for volunteers was most gratifying
in the northern provinces. In some cases companies
volunteered to a man, when only between 50 and 60 per
cent, were required from each company ; but in the south
matters were not nearly so good, as there volunteers were
not forthcoming nearly as well as was expected. The
men of the two southern battalions cannot be blamed, for
lack of courage or of a proper sense of duty. A certain
native N.C.O., when asked by me why the men of the
south were not coming forward in the numbers required,
explained the case very clearly when he- stated that
black soldiers would go anywhere where they were ordered
to go ; but aj man was a fool to leave his wife and family,
home and comfort, for war and discomfort. If the white

A GUN-CARRIKR IN' FUM> "MARCHING ORDER"

CARK'YINd A C;UN' WHEEL Ol'' SUV. 2'g5 Q.r.U.I-.; A \"EKV AWKWARD [.(IAD ; WKK.Hr 70 LUS.

THE NIGERUN BRIGADE ARRIVE 45

man required the black man's services he had only to
order, and the order would be obeyed ; but when it was
left to a man, soon after the completion of an eighteen
months' campaign, to choose between wife, children,
good food and a comfortable home, and shortage of
food, rain, marching, fatigue, and hard work in a foreign
country, it was hardly to be expected that many would
choose the latter in preference to the former. To my
mind it is a wonder that so many men volunteered for
further active service, far away from their own homes.
To the native mind it was quite impossible to foUow any
reason in asking a man, who was required for certain
work, to volunteer for that work when it would have
been so much easier to give an order for that work to
be done ; for as the sergeant just referred to said, " Are
we not all soldiers ^"

In the original scheme it was intended that 52 men
should be allowed to volunteer from eath company in
Nigeria. These companies were to be linked together
in pairs, and then re-niunbered i to 16 inclusive, so that
in each company there would be 104 trained soldiers.
The balance of 26, to make up the strength to 130 rank
and file, was to be taken from reservists' and recruits
who were willing to go on active service. The scheme
of linking the companies together was not good at first,
as native soldiers do not like serving imder N.C.Os. of
another company. It therefore took some time to get
the companies to have the necessary cohesion required
to make a rSdly good fighting machine. Further, the
company commanders in many cc»npanies did not know
the N.C.Os. and men of the company, as these officers
were transferred ^ many cases from companies they
knew to these mixm servicejcompanies.

46 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

The concentration of the overseas contingent com-
menced on the 1st October. It had been decided that
the. Nigeria Overseas Contingent should consist of four
battalions numbered i, 2, 3, and 4, commanded respec-
tively by Lieut.-Col. Feneran, Lieut.-Col.West, Lieut.-Col.
Archer, and Lieut.-Col. Sargent, and in addition there was
to be a 4-gun mountain battery under the command
of Major Waller, D.S.O. Each battaUon was to have
four companies, niunbered consecutively throughout the
Brigade from i to 16. The Brigade was to be commanded
by Brig.-Gen. ''CunUffe, C.B., C.M.G., with Lieut.-Col.
Mann, D.S.O., as brigade-major, and Captain the Hon. J.
Crighton as staff captain. The total number of the force
was 125 officers, 70 British N.C.Os., 240Z native rank
and file, and 812 machine-gun and battery-gun carriers.
This force later received substantial reinforcements.

MobiUzation was completed by the end of October,
with the exception of the rifles. Up to this time, except
for a few companies of the northern battaUons and three
companies of the southern battahons, all the men had
been armed with the old long rifles. The short rifles did
not arrive tiU the transports arrived from England, and
these were not handed over to the men till they had
actually embarked. ' Thus the Contingent found itself
actually embarking for active service in possession of
rifles which most of the men had never used before, with
the result that during the voyage the rank and file had
to learn the use of an entirely new weapon.

A great many of the younger officers and British
N.C.Os. of the Contingent had never served with native
troops before j yet many of these turned out to be most
useful members of the Brigade after a few months of
active service.

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 47

On the 15th November H.M.T. "Berwick Castle"
sailed from Lagos roads with the ist and 4th battalions
on board. For some reason or other the Deputy-
Governor, Mr Boyle, C.M.G., and other high officials
were miable to give these battalions a send-oft, which
fact was rather a disappointment to all on board, for this
ship contained the very first Nigerian troops ever to leave
Nigeria for an overseas campaign. The 15th November
1916 was therefore a red-letter day in the history
of the Colony and Protectorate. The H.M.T. " Seangbee,"
with the 2nd Nigeria Regiment, two reserve companies,
and the battery gim-carriers on board, followed on the
i6th November. On the 27th November H.M.T.
" Mendi " left Lagos for Calabar. She had on board the
Brigade Headquarters and the Nigerian battery. At
Calabar she picked up the 3rd Nigeria Regiment, where 1
that battalion had a most enthusiastic send-off. There
had been a farewell service conducted by the Rev. Mr
Wilkie on the previous day, which was attended by all
the officers and British N.C.Os. The whole European
population was on the wharf to see the " Mendi " off.
The Governor-General, who had only just lately arrived
from England, was able to see the " Mendi " oft at Lagos
in person, and though there was not a big gathering of
Europeans present with him, the lutive population
turned out in large numbers. The H.M.T. " Malukuta "
left Lagos also on the 27th November, with the telegraph
section and the remainder of the personnel of the Brigade
on board. All four ships travelled to East Africa inde-
pendently. I, personally, was on board the " Berwick
Castle " with the 4th BattaUon. Most of the men on
board had never been on the sea before, except just round
the coast of Nigeria from one port to another, when they

48 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

were not once out of sight of land. Quite 40 per cent,
of the native rank and file had never seen the sea before.
Great was their astAnishment, therefore, when they
found that for two weeks on end they were out of sight
of land. They were constantly asking how the white
man knew the road, and how the " jirigi " (canoe) was
able to walk so far without rest ; for to the black man
of Nigeria everything that moves upon its own internal
power is a " jirigi," be it a motor, locomotive, ship, or
aeroplane, the last-mentioned being always called a
" jirigi bisa," which literally means a canoe that lives in
the air. The log hne over the stem of the ship was said
by the natives to be the wire communicating back to
Lagos from the ship, by which we were able to find our
way. Great was the consternation of all when the log
cord was cut by a bullet one day when musketry instruc-
tion was being carried out over the stem of the boat !

Much time was spent on board instructing the men in
the use of the short rifle, empty barrels being thrown
over the stem to act as targets both for machine-gim
and rifle fire.

Sleep in the aftemoon was often a little difiicult at the
after end of the good ship " Berwick Castle," owing to
rifle fire being carried out on one side, machine-gim fire
on the other, and bugle practice by all the buglers of
both battaUons in the centre. These were the main
disturbing elements, but there were lesser troubles to
compete with, such as the armourer-sergeant hammering
on what sounded like a tin tray, and the musical element
holding concerts in the after dining saloon. Whatever
can be said against the old tub, it was packed full of some
of the best fellows it was possible to find in even the
good old days of " before the war." They took all these

ON tri;k

THK CKRMW^ \N IHE ACT Of DA.MACIVi; IHE CKXTRAl, RAILWAY
liEFORE RKTlKINf; SOUTH

(IHIS I'Horiir.KAI'H WAS TAKKN HV THE (.r.KMAiNS TH EMSKrAES)

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 4d

discomforts as a joke ; the voyage was therefore one
long laugh. The old steward, usually called " Asquith "
by his friends, once said that he had been at sea for over
twenty years, but never travelled with such a light-
hearted lot in all his hfe. By the way, Asquith was not so
named after his poUtical convictions, for he always said
" he did not hold with any of them wait and see crowd," but
rather his remarkable Ukeness to the famous poUtician.
The Ukeness, I am sorry to say, was a httle bent after the
worst of three falls with a drunken fireman at Diurban.

All four ships stopped for a few days at Durban.
The people of this place were most kind and
hospitably inclined towards the Nigerians, notwith-
standing the fact that they had for months past been
inundated with troops of all kinds. The men were
taken to the local Zoo, picture palaces, and other places
of amusement, and thoroughly enjoyed their first taste
of civilization as known in Europe. Whilst at Durban
the men \frere taken for a route march, which unfortun-
ately for aU, led past a whale house. I do not know if
my reader has ever been to a blubber factory, but if he
or she has not, my advice is, " Don't ! " you are better
off in remaining innocent. Without going into harrow-
ing details, " the stink was 'orrible," enough to make the
most hardy " stink-fish lover " wish to be a little
sick — ^which, by the way, many of the dehcate Nigerians
were forced to be. On returning from the march many
of the officers were asked by their 'dusky warriors if this
was the place where the white man made the " bully
beef " ! (the rationed canned beef).

The visit to the picture palace will be talked of for
many years to come, for the negro stUl wonders if Charhe
Chaplin is typical of the white man at home, and if his
4

60 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

antics with feet and crook stick are usual in London and
other great cities ; but then all white men are mad ; for
if they were not mad, they would stay at home in com-
fort — at least, so thinks the Nigerian native. The men
stood up in their places and shouted at the top of their
voices when that wonderful little man managed, simul-
taneously to hook by the neck and kick in the stomach,
a fat rival, who aspired to the company of a charming,
though rather eccentric, young lady.

The monkeys in the Zoo never failed to please their
black soldier cousins. To me there is nothing more
amusing than to watch a black man with an ape, making
faces at each other ; one then reaUzes that there must
be something in Darwin's theory.

The voyage was fated to be the last to be performed,
without mishap, by the " Mendi," for after leaving East
Africa she returned to South Africa, and took on board
a large number of native coloiued labour for France.
She had completed her voyage to the United Kingdom,
but when crossing to Havre she collided with another
vessel in a fog off the Isle of Wight on 2ist February
1917. Ten European officers and N.C.Os. and 615 South
African natives lost their hves. Only 10 European
officers and N.C.Os. and 191 natives were saved. She
was a well-known Elder Dempster liner, and as such had
carried her load of palm oil and officials between Liver-
pool and Lagos or Forcados, for many a long year.
Every Nigerian was distressed when later they heard of
her tragic end. Both the " Berwick Castle " and the
" Seangbee " left Durban on the 3rd December, arriving
respectively at Dar-es-Salaam on the nth and loth
December. When anchored off Dar-es-Salaam the
Brigade was first introduced to aeroplanes, several of

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 51

which were fl3dng around the harbour. Words will not
describe the wonder of the men at this white man's
" Ju-ju " ! At first they declined to beheve that any
man could possibly be inside them ; they were more
inclined to believe that they v^ere some great flying
mammal, not known in their own coimtry.

At the end of this book will be found a list of all the
troops operating in East Africa at the time of the arrival
of the brigade in that theatre.

The move to the Front was commenced almost at
once by the 2nd Nigeria Regiment, who left for Mkesse
on the I2th December, followed by the ist BattaUon on
the 13th, and two companies of the 4th Battahon on the
14th ; the remainder of the 4th BattaUon left two days
later.

The " Mendi " arrived at Dar-es-Salaam on the 19th
December, the troops from her left that place so quickly
after their arrival, that many officers and British N.C.Os.
had hardly time to separate the kit that they would
require up country from that they wished to leave behind
at the base.

When at Dar-es-Salaam we heard that Gen. Smuts was
shortly to commence a big offensive, which everyone at
that time believed would end the whole campaign. The
journey to Mikesse — a distance of a hundred miles from
Dar-es-Salaam — ^is most interesting from an engineering
point of view. Only a few months previous to our
arrival the Germans had done all in their power to damage
the permanent way and rolling stock before thy were
forced to retire south of the Central Railway, As usually
happens on a military railway in an enemy's country,
there was not too much roUing stock, with the result that
the men were most shockingly overcrowded. The iron

52 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

cattle trucks became veritable ovens in the heat of the
day — ^these being the only accommodation for all troops.
As for a first-class coach, I can truthfully say I never
saw one in East Africa. The men, in consequence of
the overcrowding, longed for the comfort of the rounded
iron roofs of their waggons. During the day six men
from each coach were given permission to chmb on to
the top. Several local carriers, commonly called
" Hapanas " by the Nigerians, travelled on the roof
of the 3rd Nigeria Regiment's train during the whole
journey, for fear that if they travelled inside with the
soldiers, the latter would eat them ! Those who have
only travelled on home railways, including those of the
Isle of Wight and Ireland, sometimes grumble at the tm-
pimctual nature of their own lines, but for unpimctuality
personified I commend them to the Central Railway of
German East Africa. The train I travelled in on this oc-
casion was twenty-four hours late — ^not bad for a 120-imle
journey \ There can be no slowness like the progression
of those troop trains. They started lat^, they \ came to
a standstill before they reached every culvert or bridge ;
these they passed over going dead slow, only to halt
again on the other side. They stopped at every station*
waiting whilst the Babu station-master calls up on &e
telephone the stations east and west of him. If the
train was lucky, it was permitted to proceed to a certain
siding in between two stations, and there rest for an
hour or so, waiting for another train to pass it. The
engines ran out of water miles away from the nearest
station, so that a number of men had to be detrained to
carry water up by hand, in any old available tin, to the
engine from the nearest stream. They stopped to take
on wood for fuel; they stopped to generate steam in

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 58

sufficient quantities to take them up the slightest gradient.
They were the most wonderful, if somewhat annoying,
means of travelling to be met with on earth. Almost
every gully passed over on this journey had a derailed
truck or engine lying overturned at the bottom. In one
place a deviation had been made, at what had once been
a fine bridge. The Germans, before retiring, blew up the
centre span, and then drove train after train into the
deep valley, so that one train lay on top of another, till the
pile of wreckage was flush with the old bridge level.
The Germans had damaged almost every bridge and
culvert between Dar-es-Salaam and Mikesse. The Indian
Pioneers had done the most wonderful work on this line,
which they nearly had to relay ; they had built temporary
bridges, cleared the line of wreckage, and reopened the
line in record time. Rolling stock had been imported
from India to replace the German stock, which was
chiefly lying in the many dongas and at the bottom of
high embankments all along the line. On 22nd December
Gen. Cunhfie and his staff left Dar-es-Salaam for Mikesse,
proceeding thence by motor to Tulo and later to Duthumi.
The latter place was Gen. Smuts' headquarters.

On arrival at Mikesse each battalion or detachment
of the Nigerian Brigade was ordered forward to Ruvu-
top camp. A few words roight be said here in passing
on this our first march in German East Africa, for it
was a most miserable undertaking. No troops in these
days were allowed 'to leave Mikesse except early in the
morning or in the evening, so that they should not march
in the heat of the day. The first march out was about
twelve miles, but owing to the heavy rains the condition
of the road from the very first was terrible. The country
passed through was hilly and only thinly wooded.

64 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Water along the road was not procurable. The weather
was extremely hot, and both Europeans and natives
were^ver soft after the long sea voyage. The road was
packed with other troops and guns all going the same
way as ourselves, whilst very large motor supply convoys
and motor ambulances wer^ constantly passing through
the ranks of the marchers. The road being unmetalled
became very quickly put up with all this traffic, and at
the end of the twelve miles everyone was too tired even
to talk. Added to the troubles of the day it rained
heavily that night, yet by 5 a.m. on the following day
we were all on the road again. Soon after our reaching
the bivouac. Gen. Beves' Brigade arrived from Morogoro
and encamped a mile from us. It was therefore necessary
for us to get on the road as early as possible so as to be
clear of this brigade, which was also on its way to
Duthimii. The coimtry passed through the second day
was more interesting than the first march — ^with its
wealth of forest, wonderful colouring, and rushing streams,
— and we were also in better condition for a march.
About II a.m. we arrived at the Ruvu camp, where we
met the ist and 2nd Nigeria Regiments. Here the
Nigerian soldiers first mixed with their brothers-in-arms
from India, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.
The South Africans always call 0ll African natives " boys,"
regardless of their age. This led to a certain misimder-
standing, for a " boy " is looked down upon by Nigerian
soldiers, who regard all boys, or "^oy-boys " as they
are commonly called in the barracks, as menials. A
Nigerian water-party under the command of a native
sergeant was asked by a South African motor driver to
give him a hand with his car, but he imfortunately called
out to the sergeant, " Hey, boy, give us some water for

THE ngeri-nc;er[ kridge

AS LEFT BY THB tJERMANS WHEN THKV RETIRED SOUTH I'KOM THE CENTRAL RAILWAY

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 55

my car," with the result that the sergeant was infuriated,
and, ordering his party back to camp, declined to help the
driver in any way. Should this be read by any South
Africans, I hope this will explain away any discouriesy
they may have met with from Nigerian soldiers. They
really must not call soldiers of His Majesty, be they
black or white, by the term " boy," as it is most resented
by black soldiers generally, and therefore the cause bf
much annoyance to their ofl&cers. This seems a Uttle
matter, but it really is much more important than it
first appears.

At Ruvu the Nigerian Brigade got the nickname, by
those who were envious of them, of the " bed and bath
brigade." This title needs a Httle explanation. Up to '
date no troops in German East Africa, had been allowed
any kit except the active service kits as used in Europe.
The Nigerian Principal Medical Officer maintained that
Europeans in the tropics must have a certain amount of
kit if they are to keep fit. This had been very con-
clusively proved in the Cameroon campaign. The result
was that the Nigerian Brigade held out from the very
first to be allowed at least two loads, not including food,
per European. This was finally agreed to by the Com-
mander-in-Chief. Therefore a bed-load and a tin bath,
filled with kit, was carried by almost every Eiuropean in
the Brigade. Hence the second Hne transport was made
up largely of beds and baths. The sight of all these beds
and baths greatly amused the South African troops, and
many were jealous of this privilege. Thus the name
stuck to us for many months after our arrival. But
" the bed and bath brigade " was able later to show
that these same West African troops were men who were
not afraid to fight, and were therefore not to be despised as

56 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

being just so many " Kaffirs," led by officers who thought
so much of their comfort that they could not be separated
from their beds and baths. I hope my South African
readers will read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest these
last two paragraphs, for in these matters South Africans
and West Africans did not see eye to eye.

An elaborate camp was being laid out for the Brigade
at Ruvu, as it had been given out that the Brigade
would concentrate there and would be some da37s in
camp. But this was not to be. The ist, 2nd, and 4th
Battalions were ordered forward to Tulo on the 22nd
December. The first march to Summit camp was fifteen
miles, but it was a most trjdng up and down hill march
in the most tropical weather. On the 23rd Tulo was
reached after a thirteen-mile march. A cheerful
Christmas Day was spent here by these three battaUons.

The language question was at all times difficult in
German East Africa. This federation of languages
included EngHsh, French, Dutch, Flemish, Hindustani,
Swaheli, Hausa, and other West African languages, and
Arabic. From time to time a German batch of prisoners
was added to the Babel.

On the 29th December the 3rd Nigeria Regiment
joined the Brigade at Tulo. All the officers belong-
ing to battahons other than the 3rd BattaUon that
had come round on the " Mendi," rejoined their own
units on this day. Every afternoon for the past week •
it had rained extremely hard, so everyone in the ist,
2nd, and 4th BattaUons was glad of the rest in good grass
huts at Tulo, but the 3rd Nigeria Regiment and guns
had a most tmpleasant march from the rail-head, as it
rained incessantly during their journey.

At 5.30 p.m. on the 29th the 4th Nigeria Regiment

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE ARRIVE 67

marched six miles south along the main road and bivou-
acked for the night. The march was continued at dawn
the following day to Duthumi — a. distance of seven miles.
The 1st Nigeria Regiment had completed the same
march on the 29th. On the 28th Gen. CunUffe took
over the command of the forces at Duthumi, consisting
of the Cape Corps, the 2nd Rhodesian Regiment
(Europeans), the 30th Punjabis, the African Scouts
(which later became a battahon of King's African Rifles),
and the ist and 4th Nigeria Regiment.

On the 30tii December the Nigerian battery arrived
at Duthumi. On the same day the 4th Nigeria Regi-
ment took over the advanced Une of trenches and dug-
outs from the Cape Corps. This desirable site was known
locally as " SheU Camp." At this place we arrived at
twelve noon. Shell camp was about a mile and a half
from the German position on the MJgeta river. •For five
weeks before this British ''troops had lain passively in
this water-logged camp imder an irregular, but very
accurate, fire from a 4.1 naval gim off the " Konigsberg."
The range of this gun was about eight miles. It was so
carefully hidden in the bush that our aeroplanes could
not possibly spot it, and it therefore had ever3H;hing all
its own way, as none of the British guns up at this front,
up to date, had a range of more than four miles. On
the 28th December two 4.1-inch British naval guns were
brought into action against the " Konigsberg " gun.
By the time the 4th Nigeria Regiment took over this
position this gim had been removed, but there was still
a 4-inch Howitzer in this area that gave trouble from
time to time. The Cape Corps had a good many casualties
at Shell Camp from both gun and, rifle fire, and on the
29th December three of their men were killed whilst

58 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

patrolling in this neighbourhood. We were therefore
justified in feeling that we had at last arrived at a battle
front.

On the 30th December the 2nd Nigeria Regiment
joined Col. Lyle, who commanded a Kashmiri battalion.
This column, consisting of Kashmiris and Nigerians, left
Tulo on the same day on a special mission.

This brings us to the eve of a general advance, which
for want of a better name is called the action of the
Mgeta river.

CHAPTER IV

THE ACTION OF THE MGETA RIVER AND AFTERWARDS

ON 31st December Col. Lyle was at Kiruru ;
Gen. Beves with the South African Brigade
at Kissaki, Gen. Sheppard with an Indian Brigade
at Dakawa-Kissaki, and Gen. Cunliffe at Duthumi. The
3rd Nigeria Regiment in reserve remained at Tulo.
The object of the coming advance was to drive the enemy
from his entrenched positions on the Mgeta river, and
seize the fords of the Rufiji before the enemy could con-
soUdate in a new position. On the 31st the 4th Nigeria
Regiment moved to a more forward camp known as the
' ' Old Baluchi ' ' camp. This was the most forward position
occupied by British troops facing the Mgeta river at this
date. During the day a battery of field guns arrived at the
" Old Baluchi " camp. In the afternoon " 13 " company,
under the command of Capt. Green, was sent forward to
make a recoimaissance and improve the forward lines of
commtmication. Whilst so employed a few shots were
exchanged, with the result that two privates of this
company were wounded. Thus the first blood of the
Nigerians was drawn. This httle trouble was brought
about by a certain gentleman named Private Jack Warri,
who, being inquisitive about a certain grass hut that he
discovered close to the Mgeta river and out in the open,
put his head through the window to ascertain who the
occupant might be. Slightly to his surprise, but still

60 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA,

greater to the consternation of the occupants, he found
three German Eiuropeans sitting round an improvised
table having an afternoon meal. The Boches were not
pleased at the interruption, and much shooting was the
result, but the innocent always. get punished for the
guilty. Jack Warri escaped without a scratch, but two
of his friends were " punctured."

On 1st January 1917 the main operations commenced.
The enemy's position lay on both banks of the Mgeta
river, and was separated from the British lines by a belt
of swamp and bush two or three miles in width. The
front trenches of each opposing side lay in swampy
ground. At 7.45 a.m. the ist Nigeria Regiment took
over the 4th Nigeria Regiment trenches, and the 4th
Nigerians advanced a thousand yards south-east under
cover of the thick bush, and there dug in.

At 10.30 a.m. the British howitzers and naval guns
opened fire on the enemy's trenches on the north bank
of the river ; at 11.30 a.m. the 4th Nigeria Regiment was
ordered to advance to 'the attack with three companies in
the firing Une and one in support — ^the 1st Nigeria Regi-
ment being in reserve. This operation was cajried out
irtore for the purpose of attracting the enemy's attention
than of driving him out of his trenches. The Baluchis
on the right near Dakawa had been heavily attacked by
a very strong force that dehvered three bayonet charges
against them. The Baluchis' casualties had been heavy,
thirty-five being killed in the action, but they had pre-
vented the enemy breaking througjh, and in fact had
driven him back with heavy losses. It was of the utmost
importance that the enemy in this area should not be
reinforced, and therefore the 4th Nigerians were ordered
to carry out this attack in order to pin him to the groimd.

ACTION OF THE MGETA RIVER 61

or force him to retire, but in any case to prevent him
reinforcing his left. The attack was originally ordered
to take place at a- much later hour, but this German
attack on the Baluchis forced Gen. Cunliffe to accelerate
his programme. Immediately the 4th Nigerians ad-
vanced they became engaged from their left flank, but
the enemy retired almost at once. After this the 4th
Nigerians were not engaged again for some time, but
when within a short distance of the Mgeta river, progress
having been slow, our advance was held up by the enemy
across the river who were able to direct a heavy rifle and
machine-gun fire on to the advancing troops, whilst they
were crossing an open " vlei." ^

At 3 p.m. the whole hne retired 600 yards from the
river, and a quarter of an hour later the British again
opened fire on the enemy's position south of the river.
After half an hour's heavy sheUing. the enemy were
reported by aeroplane to be retiring. During this retreat
the same plane dropped bombs on the retiring enemy's

^ "safari." 2

About 4 p.m. three companies of the 4th Nigerians
succeeded in crossing the river and establishing bridge-
heads at the two bridges left intact by the Germans to
the east of the Duthumi-Kiderengwa road. No further
advance was possible on this day, as the troops were
exhausted, having been without food since the previous
day.

The artillery in this section did excellent work, and it
was thanks to them that the 4th Nigeria Regiment had
so few casualties in this frontal attack. The guns were

controlled from the top of a hill close to the camp of

* Grass-covered plain, sometimes swampy.

* A string of porters ceurying loads.

62 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Duthumi. Here was a wireless station in addition to a
signal and air line section of R.E. The burning of some
huts on this hill was the signal for the commencement of
the offensive, timed to start at 7.30 a.m.

During the advance of the 4th Nigeria Regiment,
Lce.-Cpl. Suli Begaremi of 16 Company received four
bullet holes through his clothes from a German machine-
gun. On his own initiative he crawled back and reported
that he could point out to. the guns where this machine-
gtm was in hiding. Not|ung daunted he went forward
again with the forward observing ofl&cer and gave the
exact position of the gim to him, with the result that the
British guns opened fire on to the spot, forcing the
machine-gun to retire, and thus permitting the infantry
to advance without being fired on again. For .this
Lce.-Cpl. Suli Begaremi was afterwards awarded the
Military Medal.

At the end of the .advance the 4th Nigerians took up a
position south of the Mgeta river, covering the bridges.
The night was quiet with one exception. When a certain
officer was going round the sentries about midnight, one
of them must have thought he had seen the devil, for he
opened his mouth wide and let forth one great scream of
terror. The result was pandemonium let loose. Every
one jumped up from where they were lying, thinking the
Germans had arrived. Some of the officers were sleeping
on camp beds along the main path ; a crowd of men fell
over them, with the result that officers and men roUed
together in the dust. A certain British N.C.O. suddenly
wakened up in this abrupt manner made certain that his
orderly was a German, and fired point blank at him with
his rifle, but luckily missed him. This " jolly " lasted
for about five minutes, in which time everything was

ACTION OF THE MGETA RIVER 68

upset and everyone was waked up. That sentry was
the most " popular " man in the camp for the next half-
hour, till sleep once again descended upon the camp, and
all alarms were forgotten in the land of the unreal, where
mind and matter have no part, and where all is peace to
a tired soldier after a long day.

We must now return to the doings of the 2nd Nigeria
Regiment. At 5.30 a.m. on the ist January Lyle's
column advanced on Kiruru. Two companies of the
2nd Nigeria Regiment formed the advance guard. At
about I p.m. these companies engaged the enemy who
were retiring from the Mgeta river. Some sharp fighting
ensued, in which the enemy were roughly handled and
were forced to retire in haste, leaving behind them a large
amount of stores and ammunition. A party of the
advance-guard, under the personal leadership of Capt.
Gardner, charged with fixed bayonets a party of Germans
that were forming the escort to the 4-inch howitzer,
already referred to, which was being man-dragged back
from the river. The result was that the howitzer was
captured together with three Europeans and some natives.
For this act of gallantry Capt. Gardner was afterwards
awarded the Military Cross. Near to where the howitzer
was captured one German European and meuiy natives
were killed.

After this action the advance guard was reinforced
by another company of the 2nd Nigeria Regiment. These
three companies then commenced to dig themselves in
across the road, but before this was completed they were
attacked by a strong enemy's force at 3.30 p.m. A sharp
action was fought, but the enemy, being unable to break
through and recover their lost gun, retired at dusk. The
2nd Nigeria Regiment was most fortimate, for notwith-

64 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

standing the fact that two sharp engagements had been
fought this day, the battalion's casualties were only
Lieut. J, Dyer wounded, two native soldiers killed, and
one other wounded. There is no doubt that the Germans
lost heavily in both engagements, for on the following
day the bodies of over twenty German soldiers were found
and buried. That there were many unburied in the bush
in this neighbourhood was certain — ^to judge by the stench
a few days later. On the 2nd January the 2nd Nigeria
Regiment remained in the position they had held the
previous day. A German patrol came close to them but
returned without firing a shot. This introduction of the
Germans to the Nigeria Regiment was never forgotten
by the former, who on every possible occasion did their
best to avenge the heavy losses they suffered on this day
at the hands of the Nigerians ; also they did not think it
fair of the Nigerians to use matchets ^ as a lethal weapon,
for many a good-looking German this day had suffered
from a tap on the head from one of these weapons.

On the 2nd January.the 1st and 4th Nigeria Regiments
moved to Kiderengwa. 1 Later in the day the advance
was continued to Tsimbe in order to get in touch with
Lyle's coliuim. When this was achieved, this force
returned to Kiderengwa. Near to this place there was
a large German camp which had only been evacuated the
day before. Evidently the Germans had kept Christmas
Day here, for in several huts manufactured Christmas
trees were found. On the ground near here were found
many complete cUps of German .311 cartridges, in which
every bullet had been reversed, so that the buUet would

* A long and heavy knife used for cutting bush and felling small
trees. It is earned in a leather case suspended from the belt by all
rank and file of the W.A.F.F.

ACTION OF THE MGETA RIVER 65

enter base first and thus make a wound similar to a
dum-dum bullet. This was our j5rst introduction to the
German methods of warfare in East Africa, but we were
yet to learn much more of the ways of war as practised
by the Boche in (jerman East.

On the 3rd January both the ist and 4th Nigerians
returned to the old Baluchi camp. This return to com-
parative comfort was most unexpected, but was forced
upon Gen. CunHffe on account of lack of transport and
the difficulties of getting supplies forward. On the same
day Lyle's column advanced towards Beho Beho at 5.30
a.m. By 10.30 a.m. they were in touch with the enemy's
rear point. Again the 2nd Nigeria Regiment formed the
advance guard. By 2 p.m. the vanguard was in thick
bush country and was suffering casualties from the
enemy's snipers. At last the 2nd Nigeria Regiment's
point was completely held up by a strong German position
held by about two hundred rifles and three machine-guns.
The advance guard deployed, and got within 400 yards
of the position, but was unable to advance any nearer.
A heavy fire was kept up on both sides till dark. The
2nd Nigeria Regiment was therefore forced to dig in and
hold their groimd. Lieut. Strong was killed in this
advanced guard engagement. '

On the 4th January Lyle's column was still held Up. In-
termittent firing continued on both sides all the morning.
About noon very heavy firing was heard from the south,
which was no doubt Gen. Sheppard's Brigade in action,
en route to the Rufiji, having pressed forward along the
main Kissaki-Kibambawe road. Gen. Sheppard's Brigade
had to engage in a series of actions against a strong
German rearguard. In one of these actions Capt.
Selous, D.S.O., the famous African traveller and hunter,

5

66 NIGERIANS IN GERlilAN EAST AFRICA

and the original Allan Quatermain of fiction, was killed
whilst commanding a company of the Royal Fusiliers
(Legion of Frontiersmen) . The sound of this firing doubt-
lessly led to the withdrawal of the Germans who were
opposing Lyle. About 2 p.m. the 2nd Nigeria Regiment
occupied the German position. Gol. Lyle, as soon as he
had discovered the enemy had withdrawn, received orders
to advance to Beho Beho and there join Gen. Sheppard's
Brigade. That night it was reported that the Germans
were everywhere retreating in haste to the Rufiji river.
Between the ist and 4th January the right flanking
column of Gen. Sheppard's Brigades had been most of the
time heavily engaged. The Baluchis in particular did
most excellent work and inflicted heavy casualties upon
th^ retreating enemy, but unfortunately suffered heavily
in return.

On the 4th January the ist and 4th Nigerians with the
Nigerian battery were withdrawn to Duthumi, where
the 3rd Nigeria Regiment had meantime arrived. With
the withdrawal of the enemy from the Mgeta river the
first objective had been gained. Nigerian casualties in
this four days' action were sUght when it is taken into
account what had been achieved. Besides the casualties
already mentioned the Nigerian Brigade had twenty-nine
natives killed and forty-nine wounded. On the 5th
January the 2nd Nigeria Regiment left Beho Beho at
5.30 a.m. and inarched south towards the Rufiji. On
the 6th January a few Indian soldiers crossed the river
during the night and formed a covering party to the 30th
Punjabis that had crossed the river at dawn on the
7th January. The crossing was aided by the covering
fire of British artillery.

It is now necessary to go back a few days and follow

THK SUINCINT. HRinOK OVER J H K KITIH

C.UN CAPTrUKI) i;V 2.111 NICKRIA RECIMKX'I AT TSIMIll-

ACTION OF THE MGETA RIVER 67

the doings of Gen. Beves's South African Brigade. This
Brigade left Duthumi on 30th January, and did not take
part in the Mgeta river action. Gen. Beves's object was
to make a wide detour to the east, aad cross the Rufiji
river at a point about 30 miles up-stream above the
crossing by which it was expected that the enemy retiring
from Mgeta would cross. This Brigade had some very
hard marching, and had httle rest for several days, during
the 70-mile march. Without opposition Gen. Beves
succeeded in crossing the river at Kipenio, where he took
up a position on the south bank.

On loth January the ist and 3rd Nigeria Regiments and
the Nigeria battery left Duthumi under the command of
Gen. Cunhffe in person. The 4th Nigeria Regiment was
kept at Duthumi as a reserve. The Rufiji was reached
and crossed by this force at Kipenio on the night of the
15th January.

At the end of the dry season the Rufiji river is about
300 yards wide, and was crossed by a swinging bridge,
constructed and worked by the Faridkhot sappers and
miners. This march of the ist and 3rd Battalions was
almost as trying as the march from Mikesse. There was
no water at all at Kissengwe, the camp after Kissaki,
and " giggers " (Ford Ught motor cars) had to be sent
back to Kissaki, 9 miles, carrying relays of ch§gls,i
and some companies did not get watered till late in the
evening. When the 3rd Nigeria Regiment was crossing
the Rufiji on this occasion Pte. Awudu Elo, of this
battalion, won the Meritorious Service Medal *or gallantry
in life-saving.

» Indian water carriers.

CHAPTER V

THE RUFIJI AREA AND THE NGWEMBE ACTION

THIS brings us to another phase of the campaign.
By the 15th January a strong British force
was on the south bank of the Rufiji at Kipenio,
From the 7th to the 14th January the 2nd Nigeria Regi-
ment remained in position on the north bank of the river
at Kibambawe. Desultory firing took place on both
sides during these few'aays. On the 14th January Gen.
Smuts arrived at Kibambawe, and on the following day
one company of the 2nd Nigeria Regiment crossed the
river in the evening without any opposition. However,
one of the boats used for the crossing was upset and bitten
in two by an infuriated hippopotamus, but fortimately
this accident did not result in any casualties. On the
17th January the remainder of the 2n(J Nigeria Regiment
crossed the river after dark at about 9 p.m. This
battaUon now concentrated on a sandbank across the
main stream, but cut off from the mainland by a swamp
and a small backwater of the river. The General Head-
quarters Staff ordered the 2nd Nigeria Regiment to advance
from this position at 4 a.m. on the i8th January, in the
formation of each company in lines of sections. A
machine-gun was to be on each outer flank of each
company. On looking at the formation in which the
advance was to be carried out, in the Ught of after events,
it is doubtful if this was the best formation for the time

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 69

and place. The chief objection to it was the possibility
that if attacked the sections would lose touch in the
dark and swamp, and woiild fall back upon each other,
and so cause confusion. Again if the and Nigeria Regi-
ment had been attacked, only the equivalent of one
company, and less than half the machine-guns of the
battalion could come into action at a time ; all the
remaining companies and guns of the battahon being
useless. Owing to a difference of opinion as to the sound-
ness or likely success of this operation, between the
General in command of the whole force and Colonel
West, the former directed Major Uniacke to take over
command, and the latter left the Battalion and Brigade,
and returned to the United Kingdom. Major Uniacke
continued in the command of this battaUon diuing the
remainder of the campaign.

When the 2nd Nigerians next advanced it was pitch
dark. The advance through the swamp in the dark was
very difficult and most trying to all ranks. Luckily no
opposition was met with ; in fact, not a sign of the enemy
was seen till 8 a.m., when a few scouts were observed.
At noon the Cape Corps arrived to reinforce the and
Nigerians. By the evening of this day most of Gen.
Beves's colunm had arrived.

On the 17th January the Nigerian force at Kipenio left
for Mkindu, where an enemy's force was reported. All
baggage was left behind at Kipenio. This column
bivouacked for the night at some water holes. During
the night a certain amount of firing took place, which
resulted in one European being woimded and one native
soldier being killed. On the i8th the march was con-
tinued at 3.30 a.m. At 7 a.m. *' the point " reported
that they were dose to the enemy's position at Mkindu.

70 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Mkindu is a low table-tdpped hill about half a mile square
in area. It is faced by an abrupt escarpment on the
north, west, and east about 50 feet high, whilst it slopes
gently away towards the south. The Mkindu stream
flows close to the hill on the north side and passes round
the western end of the hill. The hill itself is covered
with bush and trees and w^s a fine position for a defending
force to hold. The column was halted whilst two com-
panies of the 1st Nigeria Regiment under Major Badham
were detached, with orders to cross the Mkindu stream
higher up on the right and attempt to outflank the enemy.
As soon as Major Badham had moved off he became
engaged, and a sharp action was commenced. The
enemy's position was a strong one, and as usual the
machine-guns played an important part, but the enemy
were afraid of being cut off from their main body, which
had fallen back some miles towards Ngwembe. They
therefore gave up a strong position without a determined
fight and withdrew south. By 11 a.m. the ist Nigeria
Regiment occupied the position. Major Badham's
casualties were hght, and consisted of Lieuts. Ngwton
s, and Young wotmded, one native soldier killed, and seven
others wounded. Mkindu was destined to be the home
of the Nigerian Brigade for many weeks to come.

In the meantime the Germans at Kibambawe, who
were being opposed by Gen. Sheppard, retired when they
found that the Nigerian force occupied Mkindu, as this
force threatened their line of retreat.

On the 19th the 2nd Nigeria Regiment, the Cape Corps,
and two guns of the Kashmir battery — all under the com-
mand of Lieut.-Col. Morris (Cape Corps) — ^marched to
Mkindu, arriving there about 10.30 a.va. In the evening
of that day heavy firing was heard from the direction of

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 71

Kibongo, to which place the Germans, who had held
Mkindu, had retired. At the same time a British aero-
plane which had been engaged in bombing the enemy's
position seemed to be in trouble, and suddenly crashed
to the ground half-way between the enemy position and
the Nigerian advanced post. Both sides tried to get the
machine, which had been brought down by having the
petrol tank pimctured by an enemy bullet. The machine
was eventually brought into Mkindu in a very damaged
condition. The pUot was none the worse for his fall, and
walked into the Nigerian camp shortly after the action.
A curious incident occurred on this day to a wounded
and sick convoy, when on its way back from Mkindu to
the river. It serves to illustrate what the woimded
frequently have to put up with in German East Africa.
As the convoy neared the river it was suddenly' greeted
by a very heavy rifle fire, which everyone took to be the
enemy. Lieut. Mills, who was in charge of the convoy,
was placed in a very awkward dilemma, as he had with
him some very serious cases, including Lieut. Newton,
who was suffering from a dangerous stomach wound.
After a little while Lieut. Mills came to the conclusion
that it was not the enemy firing, but the Baluchis, which
turned out to be the case. He immediately showed great
presence of mind by cutting out a red cross from a ham-
mock curtain and deliberately walking over to where the
sound of the firing was coming from. The whole of the
white men, other thsin the stretcher cases, and a few of
the walking cases of wounded natives, thinking that
Lieut. Mills was surrendering to the enemy immediately
cleared out into the bush. One " very serious case "
that was being evacuated by stretcher, as it had been
stated that the pallient could not possibly walk, was seen

^2 NIGERIANS m GERMAN tlAST AFRICA

to get up and run like a greyhound as soon as the firing
commenced, which proves the truth of the old saying
" all that gutters is not gold," and that " all are not
dying men who are evacuated." He was what would be
commonly called in East Africa a " lead swinger."

When Lieut. Mills was seen by the Baluchis the firing
was stopped and the Baluchis came out of their trenches.
The whole trouble was caused by the fact that no notice
of any sort had been sent back to inform our troops of
the probable arrival of a sick and^woujided convoy;
and even the hospital authorities had received no warning
of the convoy leaving Mkindu. As al^ the stretcher-
bearers had bolted as soon as the firing commenced,
thinking that the Germans were upon them, the Indians
had to send out carriers to bring in the stretchers. How-
ever, all's well that ends well, and luckily the convoy
received nd further casualties, in spite of the heavy firing
that had been directed at them. But it was very hard
on some of the seriously wounded cases, who had to get
up out of their stretchers and crawl into the bush.

On the 20th January the 2nd Nigerians, the Cape
Corps, and the two Kashmir guns moved forward from
Mkindu at 4 a.m., the Cape Corps leading. At 9.15 p.m.
the previous eyening the ist Nigerians and a section of
the Nigerian guns, all under Lieut.-Col. Feneran, left
camp with the object of making a night march and taking
up a position in rear of the enemy at Kibongo. The
night was dark, and the country difficult, owing to the
bush and dong^as that had to be traversed. It was
broad daylight before Col. Feneran gained his objective.

Col. Morris was therefore delayed so as to give Col.
Feneran sufficient time. Almost directly he commenced
his advahce he came in touch with small pg,rties of the

X RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 78

enemy who fell back after firing a few shots. He ad-
vanced two and a half miles from Mkindu before he was
seriously held up. At 9.30 a.m. Col. Feneran informed
the Brigade Headquarters at Mkindu that he had been
unable to find a good position for a camp. He also stated
that, from information he had received, the enemy in
this neighbourhood had been greatly reinforced from
Mawa, and were now quite thirteen companies in strength.
About the same time it became evident that Col. Morris
was not strong enough to advance further on this frontal
attack. Col. /Feneran was therefore ordered to deUver
an attack against Kibongo and thus threaten the eneihy's
left flank. These tactics were most successful, and by
3 p.m. Col. Morris was able to continue his advance.
By 4 p.rii. the two coliuims were in touch with each other.
The Cape Corps had a sharp fight about this time, which
was altogether successful. Soon after Kibongo was
occupied by them, the enemy retired south towards
Ngwembe. The Cape Corps did exceptionally well this
/day, and were later thanked on parade for their work
by Gen. Cunhffe. Once again luck was on our side.
Taking into account the determined nature of the day's
fighting, the British casualties were slight, being only
one oflicer killed and two woimded, and eight native
soldiers kiUed and fourteen wounded. The number of
the enemy's casualties could not be ascertained, but one
European was captured, and 170 cases of 4-inch howitzers'
ammimition was later found buried in the old German
camp. This ammunition would subsequently have been
most valuable to them. The ist Nigerians remained at
Kibongo ; the Cape Corps, all guns, and the 2nd Nigerians
returned to Mkindu, which place had been held all day
by the 3rd Battalion. On the 22nd January the

74 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

3rd Nigeria Regiment tried to get- in touch with the
enemy south and south-east of Kibongo. There was a
small patrol engagement which resulted in the capture
of one German-European and three Askaris, for which
Col.-Sergt. Russell of the 3rd Nigeria Regiment was
awarded the D.C.M. In the meantime the 4th Nigeria
Regipient had left Duthumi on 19th' January for Kibam-
bawe via Beho Beho. The weather during this march
was terribly hot, the path dusty and bad beyond words,
and water very scarce. To add to the general discom-
fort of the march, the carriers were of most miserable
physique. They fell out- continually, and at the end of
every day's march a considerable number were added to
the sick list as being medically imfit to carry their load.

Whilst the four battalions were at Duthumi a certain
amount of shooting and hunting was indulged in. The
country all roimd simply teemed with game of every kind.
One huge " vlei " ^ in this district resembled a private
park more than virgin bush, so plentifvd was the game
wandering about upon it.

The 4th Battalion arrived at Kibambawe on the
morning of the 21st January and immediately commenced
to cross the river. One company had to be left behind
for a day to escort stores, etc., to the front. The remainder
of the battalion arrived at Kibongo on the 22nd, having
passed through the main Nigerian camp at Mkindu
en route.

On the morning of the 24th January Capt. Green left
his company, handing the command over to Capt. Barclay,
in order to take up the duties of " second in command "
of the 2nd Battalion. Early in the morning a section of
the guns of the Nigerian battery arrived at Kibongo from

> Grass plain.

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 75

Mkindu, while the 3rd Nigerians were in camp about
400 yards south of the 4th Battalion. Soon after
the arrival of the guns they left with the 3rd Battalion
and their baggage, with the intention of first making
a reconnaissance in force of the German position at
Ngwembe. Later they were ordered to attack the
German position there, which was reported to be held by
two companies only. The guns were escorted by 16
Company of the 4th Battalion, the whole detachment
being under the command of Lieut.-Col. Archer. The
enemy were encountered in strength about 7 miles
from Kibongo, and Major Gard'ner, with two companies
of the 3rd Battalion, was dispatched in order to get roimd
the enemy's right flank. I will now quote word for word
from my own private diary, which, being written at the
time, will give the best account of the actioh that now
occurred.

" Our ' point ' came in touch with the German position
at II a.m., about i n^le from the objective (the water
holes at Ngwembe on the N37andote Road) ; 15 Company
of the 4th Nigeria Regiment had in the meantime moved
over to the 3rd Nigeria Regiment camp at Kibongo and
received orders at midday to reinforce Lieut.-Col. Archer's
force.

" Capt. MUnelsHome's company of the 3rd Nigeria
Regiment was advance guard. Soon after 11 a.m. this
company was driven back from the hne on which they
had deployed when the action was opened, then 50 3^rds
from the objective, and feU back about 200 yards. Major
Gard'ner, second in command of the 3rd Nigeria Regi-
ment, was ordered to take Capt. Cooke's and Capt. Dudley's
companies and drive the enemy out of his position by
making a left flank movement. After a heavy fight of

76 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

one hour's duration, they successfully captured two
machine-guns and one European, having also inflicted
heavy casualties on the enemy, thirty dead being cotmted
between the two gun positions. After this success Major
Gard'ner was continuing with the advance when he was
heavily coimter-attacked. He himself was woimded, and
both Capt. Cooke and Capt. Dudley, with Lieuts. Ewen
and Harrison were killed. The two companies became
disorganized and fell back in disorder, but managed to
get back the two captured enemy machine-guns, but in
the coimter-attack these companies lost three of their
own machine-guns. About the time that Major Gard'ner
moved out to the left flank, the baggage and baggage-
guard reached the main body. It was not long before
the enemy reaUzed that Major Gard'ner's flank attack
had failed and that his two companies had been dis-
organized, and they took every advantage of the occasion.
They' opened a heavy fire, and pressed on with their
counter-attack. These disordered companies retired
through the bush, and did not strike the road till far
behind the main body. As soon as Col. Archer reaUzed
that his fl^k attack had been unsuccessfvd he wired
back for reinforcements. 15 Company left to reinforce
at 1.45 p.m., but they had a 7-mile march to complete
before they could be of any use. They did not meet
Col. Archer till 4. 15 p.m. By this time he had commenced
to withdraw. Capt. Maxwell, commanding 15 Company,
was ordered to turn back the way he had come and dig
in at a small stream 3 miles in rear. This movement
was done so hurriedly that the company had no time to
reform. After retiring for about ten minutes, the
company carriers that were now in front of the company
met the advanced guard of the 4th Nigeria Regiment

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 77

under Lieut.-Col. Sargent, that was hurrying from 5
Kibongo to reinforce the 3rd Nigeria Regimfent. In the
confusion that followed these carriers got out of hand
and made for the bush ; they were not seen again that
day. Col. Sargent had with him most of the battalion
baggage, but only one company. The remaining com-
pany of the 4th Battalion had to remain behind to help
garrison Kibongo. At about 4.30 p.m. Col. Sargent
met Col. Archer. The latter stated that he would take
up a position with his battalion at, the stream, already
referred to, and would there dig in for the night. This,
for some reason or other unknown to the writer, he never
did, but continued his retirement to Kibongo.

" Col. Sargent immediately ordered No. 15 Company to
again advance. Major Roberts (second in command of
the 4th Nigeria Regiment) was put in command of half
13 Company and 15 Company, with instructions to form
a rearguard, and cover the retirement of the 3rd Nigeria
Regiment.

" By 5 p.m. these six sections were in position, the
whole of Col. Archer's force having passed through them
with the exception of one company, the section of the
battery with its escort of 16 Company being the last to
retire. No sooner had the guns passed throu^ this
party than the enemy opened a very heavy fire with
rifles and machine-gims, and delivered a counter-attack.
Col.-Sergt. Lamb of 13 Company was killed at the first
burst of this fire. In Lamb's death the Nigerians lost
one of their best British N.C.Os. He was a man of un-
limited pluck. He had seen service in two other theatres,
and had been awarded the D.C.M. and a bar for his
services in GaUipoli. At the first sound of this firing
all the carriers of both battalions stampeded. The con-

78 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

fusion was added to by a few of the enemy working round
both flanks and sniping at the already demoralized
carriers. No. lo Company of the 3rd Nigerians, under
Capt. Robinson, had up to this time been the rearguard.
They now became part of Major Roberts' force. The
firing Une was now built up on each side of the road.
Major Roberts held this position for half an hour, when
he was at last forced to retire owing to the enemy having
worked rotmd his right flank and opening a machine-gun
fire from the right rear into his firing line. No sooner
had the two sections of 13 Company (that had up to then
been in advance of the main firing Une) turned about
and commenced the retirement, than Capt. Barclay was
shot through the back. He died of wounds an hour or
so later, having only commanded his compahy for a few
hours."

The description of this action would not be complete
if the doings of a machine-gun carrier of 13 Company
were not recorded. Gun-carrier Awudu Katsena, a
Munchi by birth, was during this action carrjdng Capt.
Barclay's field glasses, haversack, water bottle, etc., when
his master fell mortally wounded. There was not a single
soldier near to help him get his master back to a place of
safety. The Germans were by this time advancing very
rapidly on each side of the path on which Capt. Barclay
was lying. Awudu Katsena picked up a rifle that was
lying beside a dead soldier, and whilst kneeling over his
mortally wounded master, opened a rapid fire upon the
oncoming enemy. In the ordinary course gun-carriers
are not expected to know an3^hing about the use of a
rifle ; they are, to all intents and purposes, non-com-
batants. So rapid and effective was his fire that the
enemy were momentarily bhecked in their advance.

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 79

These few moments were suiiicient time for a party of
13 Company to arrive back an(J get Capt. Barclay away.
For this most plucky act Awudu Katsena was later
awarded the MiUtary Medal. (See also reference to this
gun-carrier at the Battle of Mhiwa, Chapter XII.)

To return to the diary account. " During the first
200 yards of 13 Company's retirement these two sections
were under continual heavy fire from both rifle and
machine-gims. The men behaved wonderfully well and
carried out this most difiicult manoeuvre in perfect order,
and their discipUne was beyond praise. Luckily the
enemy's fire was wild and inclined to be very high, especi-
ally the machine-gvm fire, the bullets from which
frequently struck the branches of the trees above the
heads of the retiring troops. Lieut. Hilton assumed
command of the rear ' point ' after Capt. Barclay was
wounded. The bush was so thick that in spite of the
fact that the enemy were within 50 to a 100 yards of
Lieut. Hilton, he did not see a single German soldier."
This is t5T)ical of the fighting in East Africa. Several
times in my own experience a considerable force of the
enemy were quite near to me, yet I was unable to see a
single man to fire at. The consequence was that a heavy
fire had to be kept up in the direction of where the enemy
were thought to be, with the hope that a few bullets
would find a billet.

" Throughout the action the Nigerian gims imder Major
Waller were unable to come into effective action, owing to
the nature of the ground and the heavy and accurate
machine-gun fire of the enemy.

" Pomeroy was wotmded about twelve noon, during the
advanced-guard operation ; Thompson was woimded
during Gard'ner's flank attack in the morning ; Winter

80 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

was wounded at 5 p.m. during the German counter-
attack. Jeffries was captured in the retirement of Nos. 9
and 12 Companies, with Gard'ner, whom he was at the
time helping to ' dress.' Col.-Sergt. Speak was wounded
and captured in the first advanced-guard withdrawal,
Sergts. Wroe and WooUey were both wounded and cap-
tured in Gard'ner's flank show. Sergts. Dickson and
Care were alSo wounded. At a later date Sergt. Woolley
was returned to the British lines by the Geitnans. He
informed me that this counter-attack was most disastrous
to the Germans, as their casualties were most heavy.
Sergt, Woolley remained out in the bush half the night
and saw wounded men being earned back in a continuous
stream. The British fire had been most effective. When
the British woxmded prisoners had been collected by the
enemy they were immediately carried back to Maba, as
the Germans were in a deadly fear of being attacked again
on the 25th. If they had been so attacked by fresh
troops they would certainly have broken."

At this crisis of the campaign it is quite possible that
if the British had got through to Mawa the whole cam-
paign might have taken very different Unes, and possibly
been greatly curtailed. But " ifs " cannot be taken into
account in war, and for some reason or other the battle
was not continued on the 25th.

" At 6.15 p.m. the enemy ceased firing. About this
time Lieut. Hilton met Lieut.-Col. Sargent on the road ;
the Colonel came up himself in command of 15 Company
and half 16 Company ; this force was to form a new rear-
guard. Lieut. Hilton's retirement had left No. 10 Com-
pany by itself to hold the enemy's advance. It was
Col. Sargent's intention to relieve this company which
had borne the brunt of the fighting throughout the day.

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 81

This company, imder Capt. Robinson, had done extremely
good work during this trying action ; their discipline had
been msiintained imder the most trying conditions."

Capt. Robinson was later awarded a very well earned
Military Cross. The M.C. was also awarded to Capt.
Armstrong of the 3rd Nigeria Regiment and Lieut. Winter
of the 4th Nigeria Regiment, whilst Lieut.-Col. Sargent
was awarded the D.S.O. There is no doubt that it was
through Col. Sargent's personal leadership in this action
that the 3rd Nigeria Regiment and the Nigerian guns
were saved.

"Col. Salient advanced with 15 Company and half
16 Company for a distance of half a mile, where a firing
line was established, covering the retreat of No. 10 Com-
pany. After seeing that this company was safely with-
drawn he handed over the coromand of this force to
Major Roberts. When Col. Sargent left the firing line
he was within two miles of the water holes of Ngwembe."

There is little doubt, in the fight of after events, that if
this firing line could have been considerably reinforced
during the night that followed, and an attack had been
defivered at daybreak, this action would have been
turned into a decisive victory for the Nigerians, as the
Germans were very disorganized. Oberleutnant Otto,
who later became one of the German chief leaders, was
woimded in this action.

" Capt. Robinson and Lieut. Hilton were now ordered
to retire to Col. Archer's position at the stream three miles
in rear. At the time neither Col. Sargent nor any of
the troops that formed the front line had any idea that
Col. Archer had retired right back to Kibongo, but all
thoroughly beheved that an entrenched position was being
prepared at the stream for them to faU back upon. Thus
6

82 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

it transpired that these companies, together with the
Headquarters of the 4th BattaUon, were forced to retire
to Kibongo. 15 and 16 Companies held their position
mitil dark, when they retired the best part of a mile,
where they again estabUshed a firing line. No. 15 Company
forming the advance picquet. The night was spent by
them in collecting the 3rd and 4th Nigeria Regiments'
loads that had been discarded by the carriers when they
stampeded ; a good many of these and a few wounded
men were recovered. At 10.30 p.m. Col. Sargent arrived
back at Kibongo. At 12.15 a.m. on the 25th January Major
Badham left for Ngwembe in command of a reUef force,
with a large number of carriers to bring io all the recovered
loads. Only two companies were available for this duty
— one from the 4th Battalion and one from the ist
Nigerians."

To describe this march so as to do it full justice would
be impossible. It turned out to be the most uncomfort-
able march that troops could be called upon to perform.
The night was pitch dark — a. darkness that could almost
be felt. A white handkerchief hung upon the pack of
the man in front could not be seen at the distance of
one foot. The only possible way to keep touch, was for
each man actually to hold on to the man in front of him
in the column. At 2.30 a.m. it came on to rain in a
manner that is only possible in the tropics — a. deluge
that is imknown in more temperate climates. The
path at first became greasy, so that one sHpped back half
the distance that one went forward. Later the path
became a stream several inches deep in water and mud.
Great credit is due to Company Sergt.-Major Morakinyo
Ibadan, the Acting Regimental Sergt.-Major of the 4th
Battalion, for the way in which he guided this column.

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 83

On looking back it seems almost a miracle how he
managed to retrace the path to Major Roberts' position,
7 miles distant from Kibongo, through an almost trackless
bush. For his services on this night he was awarded the
D.C.M.

The head of Major Badham's column reached Capt.
Hetley's company (i5 Company) at 3.50 a.m. The
return march was commenced at once, as it was absolutely
necessary to get all loads away under cover of the darkness.

About 4.3a a.m. something or other frightened the
carriers, and they commenced at once to stampede. As
there were quite three hundred of them, matters began
to look serious, but thanks to the large number of
Europeans present the stampede was stopped in time.
The last load that could be found left the 16 Company
position at 6.30 a.m. 15 Company remained in position
till all the loads were away in order to cover this with-
drawal in the event of the enemy again becoming active.
Fortunately for all, the Germans had had enough the
day before, and were only too glad to let the Nigerians
withdraw uninterrupted. Not a shot was fired by the
other side, though without doubt they knew what
was going on. The whole of Major Badham's column
got back safely to Kibongo. Though many loads were
saved, both the 3rd and 4th Battalions lost a very large
amount of private kit and suppUes in this action ; also
a fair number of boxes of ammunition were never
recovered.

It is estimated that the enemy's force that took part
in this action niunbered about six himdred rifles and
many machine-guns. This was afterwards verified by
Major Gard'ner and captured Huns. There were in
addition two companies in support. The number of their

84 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

casualties is unknown, but it must have been very large.
Three Europeans were actually seen dead, and thirty
Askaris were found Isdng on the ground apparently dead
between the two captured naachine-guns in Major
Gard'ner's flank attack. The British casualties, in
addition to those already mentioned, were forty-three
native soldiers killed, forty woimded, and eight taken
prisoners or missing. The failure of the flank attack was
partially due to the large European casualties at the
outbreak of the German counter-attack. Deprived of
the majority of their officers, the men were unable to cope
with the enemy's determined counter-attack, deUvered
as they always were in East Africa, with great strength
and fierceness, and supported by well-directed machine-
gun fire. '

There is not a shadow of doubt that the enemy's native
soldiers bayoneted or, in other ways, murdered many
of the Nigerian wounded. It was subsequently ascer-
tained that only eight men had been taken alive, six of
whom were later sent into the British Unes under a flag
of truce, being too severely wounded to be able to take
any further part in military operations. On the
25th January the Germans sent in, imder a white flag,
a letter from the Grerman Commander stating that forty
wounded men were in their hands, and requested medical
stores for their use. Either they Ued, in order to get
from the British for their own use much needed medical
necessities, or thirty-two NigerlEin soldiers were subse-
quently murdered.

Though this action could not be called a success, it
proved to the authorities that Nigerian troops could give
a good account of themselves imder the most unfavotirable
conditions. That this action was not a British victory

RUFIJI AREA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 85

was no fault of the native soldier as a fighting man. The
fortune of war was not with the Nigerians in this action.
On the 23rd and 24th January the enemy had been
greatly reinfotced at Ngwembe," unknown to the British
Intelligence Department. I think that these reinforce-
ments came fr6m Kibaihbawe as much as anywhere, for
at least two companies had withdrawn from before
Sheppard and Pomeroy's patrols. The force sent to
take the position was not nearly strong enough, and the
available reinforcements were too far away to be of use
when most needed. On the same day as this fight took
place 40 German Europeans and 200 Askaris, with
I field gun and 2 machine guns surrendered at Likuju
to a detachment of Gen. Northey's force.

On the 27th January the Nigerian Brigade was con-
centrated at MMndu, leaving only a post at Kibongo.

We, now enter on a period of comparative inaction.
The rain had started in real earnest, and the 120 nules
of road from the railhead (Mikesse) to the front was
already in so bad a condition that motors and all other
wheel transport could no longer use it. The Nigerians
now experienced what it was to be dependent on a single
line of commxmication, in a country so badly infected by
the Tsetse fly and horse sickness, that every ounce of food
had to be carried for 85 to 90 miles by carriers. I would
here refer the reader to Lieut.-Gen. Hoskins' official
dispatch, dated 30th May 1917. but not published till
the 27th December 1917, an extract of which is given
below : — ,

" All seemed to be going weU when on 25th January
heavy rain began to fall, ushering in the wettest season
known in East Africa for many years. By the 27th the
lines of commxmication from Mikesse to Kibambawe were

86 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

interrupted by the washing away of bridges and the
flooding of roads ; and operations in all areas were hence-
forward seriously hampered by the untimely rain.

" It is perhaps hard to realize the difficulties which the
rainy season in East Africa entailed for a force acting
from such widely separated bases, with several different
hues of communication running through every variety
of difficult coimtry and necessitating in some cases as
much as 130 nules of porter transport. In the Mgeta and
Rufiji vallejTS, roads constructed with much skill and
labour, over which motor transport ran continuously in
January, were traversed with difficulty and much hard-
ship a month later by porters wading for miles in water
above their waists. The Dodoma-Iringa line of com-
mimication crossed the great Ruaha in the dry weather
by an easy ford ; when the rain had really set in supplies
had to be transported not only over a flooded river, but
also a swamp on each side of it 6 feet dedp and as many
miles wide. Considerable anxiety was caused by this
extensive flooding across the Dodoma-Iringa communica-
tion, and every effort was made to cope with this. The
Iringa Column was kept as small as possible, and special
flat-bottomed boats were prepared, but eventually it
became necessary to switch on to a new line along the
road which runs south from the railway at Kilossa. The
valley of the Rufiji and its various tributaries became a
vast lake, in which the true courses of the streams were
often only discernible with difficulty, if at all. Patrol
worit had to be carried out for some time in canoes, and
the men found themselves making fast to the roofs of
houses which had lately formed their quarters.

"The conditions of the Kilwa area were equally
trying, as roads became impassable for motor transport.

RUFIJI AEEA AND NGWEMBE ACTION 87

and animals died a few weeks after )3eing landed. An
even more serious factor, perhaps, was the sickness
amongst the troops. The coastal belt and the valleys
of the Mgeta and Rufiji even in dry weather are unhealthy
for all but the indigenous African ; and during the rains
there is a great increase in malaria, while dysentery and
pnevunonia strike down even the African native.

" In 1916 many of our troops in East Africa spent the
rain season in high and comparatively healthy localities.
It was impossible to do this in 1917 without withdrawing
from groimd which had been hardly won and out of which
the enemy would have to be driven again with equal
difficulty, should he be allowed to re^occupy it.

" That the enemy had also to contend with sickness,
and with sameness, if not with scarcity, of food, is cer-
tain ; but in a minor degree, since his white men were
more accHmatized to German East Africa, and his native
soldiers indigenous to the country. He had the advan-
tage of falling back on interior Unes ; of veteran tropps
from whose ranks nearly all waverers had by this time
been eliminated ; and of his power of Uving on the
country as he retired. This last was accentuated by
the fact that whereas we are accustomed to take and
pay for only what the villagers can spare, the Germans
have no scruples about taking all. And after using men,
women, and children as porters so far as they require,
they send them back in a starving condition, thus in-
creasing the difficulties of our advancing troops."

Gen. Hoskins took over the forces in East Africa on
the 20th January 1917. At this time the effective
strength of the enemy's forces was put down at iioo
Europe^s and 7300 Askaris, with 4 guns of 4-inch or
4.1 calibre, 16 smaller gims, and 73 machine-gims. In

88 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

the light of what took place later, I think these niunbers
were under-estimated.

At one time it was hoped the supply question would
be solved by using the Rufiji river for tran^wrt purposes,
but this idea was very soon given up, for the river rose
into a huge torrent with a speed of 20 miles an hour.
At the end of January the situation of the Rufiji was
most gloomy. The supply and transport situation was
bad ; there was no reserve of food ia the advance depot ;
the number of carriers was not nearly sufficient ; pack
animals died after a single journey, if not • before ;
mechanical transport drivers far back on the lines of
communication were so rapidly falling sick that himcteds
of Hght cars stood for days without doing one journey.
Gen. Hoskins therefore withdrew from the river area all
the troops he could.

CHAPTER VI

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS

" This is no land for the white man ; none can esteem her good,
But good, bad, indifierent, the warriors belong to the same brother-
hood, "
With this one exception only — ^that none but the strong shall thrive,
And all that are weak shall perish, as only the best can survive."

I DO not know where the above quotation comes
from, but it is a good description of the Rufiji area
during the rains.
Towards the end of January the question of suppUes
at Mldndu became most acute. On 30th January the
Nigerian Brigade was put on half rations ofiicially. On
reading my diary I find that full rations had become a
thing of the past some days earUer, though the belt was
not felt to pinch too badly tiU 13th February, when the
troops were placed on quarter rations. The total weight
of all food issued tjiis day was rather less than 13 oimces
per man. The Europeans' food was very little better
than the men's. Fresh meat for a long time past had
not been seen at Mkindu. When we were lucky, its
place was taken by bully beef, which appeared on the
table in every form of " camouflage." The men, driven
by hvmger, started to dig up roots, or picked herbs from
the bush to eat, with disastrous results on many occasions.
Crime became more common, as the men, seeing the
supplies arrive by convoy from the river, used to try to
take rice and biscuits out of the dump or the battalion

90 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

quartermaster's supply stores. February, March, and
April 1917 were aU black months for the Nigerian Brigade.
The hardships passed through during thesQ three months
must be unparalleled in miUtary operations of our time.
Our condition could not have been worse even if we had
been in a siege. The men got terribly thin and wretched,
till they became almost unfit to take the field in any
active operations. The men went sick, and many died
from eating poisoned roots and herbs, twelve men dying
in the 2iid BattaUon early in May from this cause. To
give an instance or two of the state the men got into,
will no doubt interest the reader, besides, if they were
omitted, this record would be most incomplete.

A donkey died of horse sickness and was buried. Two
days later the body was dug up a!nd eaten by certain men.
This happened several times with condemned cattle, till
it was found necessary always to bum carcases.

A bridge was built over a stream between the main
position at Mkindu and a detached position known as
Stretton Hill. The spars forming the bridge were lashed
together with strips of raw hide, dating back to the days
of plenty, when a li[irge herd of cattle supplied the meat
for the troops at Mkindu. The bridge had been standing
about two months, when one night all the hide was stolen,
and the bridge left in a very tottering state. The hides
were cooked down into soup, and so disposed of by the
starving men.

Below is given a fair example of a day's rations for
Europeans. The following was issued to the officers of
the 4th BattaUon on 4th April: Bacon, ^ oz. ; jam,
I oz. ; condensed milk, | oz. ; onions, f oz. ; fresh
meat, 2f oz., the total weight of each officer's ration
being i lb. 2^ ozs. On the same day to the men was

& r

THE RUFIJI VALLEY NEAR KIPENIO

A TYPICAL SCENE

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 91

issued half a pound of rice, with nothing in addition.
Before leaving this doleful subject I quote a paragraph
out of a brother-officer's diary of the 2nd Battalion,
dated the i8th April : " The men are getting thinner
daily ; Europeans are up against it now, and honestly
have barely enough to keep body and soul together.
Rations for Europeans for six dasrs from I5th-20th April
inclusive : flour, 3 lbs. ; bacon, | lb. ; dried fruit, | lb. ;
sugar, I lb. ; tea, i| oz. ; salt, i| oz. ; tinned meat,
2 J lb. ; onions,' I lb. ; ghee,^ i oz." The troops during
all this time of semi-starvation were called upon to carry
out many arduous duties, such as trench-digging, con-
struction of ^ug-outs, house-building, patrols, and other
mihtary duties. That they performed their duties cheer-
fully and thoroughly speaks well for the credit of the
black soldier. I am convinced that no other troops,
whether they be Indian, East African, or White, could \
possibly have done better. Whilst on the subject of
rations, when a fuU ration was issued it was ample, for
it consisted of i lb. of meat, i lb. of bread or flour, abund-
ance of vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa, milk, sugar, salt,
rice, condiments, lime juice, and, last but not least,
" dop " (Cape brandy).

I have written at length upon this subject of rations,
but so far have written nothing of how certain of us in-
creased our food supply from local resources. I doubt
if the reader has ever tasted monkey's brains on ration
bisciiits, bush rat pie, or stewed hippo's sweetbreads, but
all three were consumed by the more daring Europeans
of the Brigade, and thoroughly enjoyed. If any readers
should doubt the' truth of the above, I refer them to
certain companies of the 3rd Battalion. Whenever food

• A fonn of Indicin butter.

92 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

is scarce prices for all commodities rise out of all pro-
portion. A good example of this is seen in the Klondyke
gold rush. Thus on the Rufiji, at a sale of effects of
Europeans killed in the action at Ngwembe on the
24th January, a bottle of brandy (Hennessy's three star)
was knocked down at £10, and a tooth-brush for the
remarkable price of £1, 13s. 4d. Everj^hing else was
sold at proportionately high prices.

Whilst the Nigerian Brigade was entrenched at Mkindu
several small engagements took place, the first of these
was at Luhembero Hill, a well-defined and isolated hill
about 6 miles east of Mkindu. No. 13 Company, now
under the command of Capt. Norton-Harper, went to
this hiU as escort to the Nigerian Brigade signalling ofiicer,
Capt. Williams. The escort consisted of 75 native rank
and file, i machine-gun, and 2 officers, including Capt.
Norton-Harper. The party arrived at their destination
at 8.45 a.m. A strong position was taken up covering
the signalling officer, who was at the highest point of the
sugar-loafed hill. About i p.m. a sentry group north
of the main position was rushed by a party of the enemy,
but they managed to fall back on to their picquet. The
enemy next attacked the picquet, but were driven off.
Capt. Norton-Harper discovered that the enemy were
attempting to work round his left flank, and delivered a
bayonet charge against the oncoming Germans, who
retired in disorder. As it was impossible to know the
strength of the enemy, Capt. Norton-Harper could not
press home his advantage and follow up the retiring
enemy, for to do so meant leaving Capt. Williams im-
protected. The whole action lasted about twenty
minutes. The enemy's casualties and strength are
unknown. 13 Company had one man killed and two

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 98

wounded. The enemy in this attack disguised them-
selves with gTcLss and branches of trees, and were thus
indistinguishable from the bush. In this way they were
able to get quite close to the sentry group before being
discovered. On 25th February the Nigerianx detached
post at Kibongo was attacked during the night, but the
enemy never pressed home his attack. On 2nd March
Capt. Pring's company of the ist Battahon was fired
upon when on patrol duty south of Kibongo, with the
result that he had a few casualties.

On 1st March the 2nd Battahon left Mkindu at 5.30
a jn. and marched via Kibambawe to Nyakisiku, 17 miles
distant, where they joined the Cape Corps and Kashmiri
battery. An attack on Tindwas had been planned for
the 2nd March. The guide proved to know very httle
about the country, and in many places the water was
waist-deep along the road. The position of the enemy
was thought to be 4 mUes distant, but the force advance(|
8 miles before a shot was fired at them. A few rounds
were exchanged before the enemy retired. One German
Askari was kiUed and two were taken prisoners. Our
casualties were nU. The force pushed on through swamp
and elephant grass, and at last arrived at an evacuated
enemy's trench. The British force returned the same
day via Nyakisiku, at which place they arrived at 10 p.m.,
having to go through water neck deep on the retvun
journey. On the 3rd March the 2nd Battalion returned
to Mkindu, having marched 50 miles in 16 hours,
through swamp, water, elephant grass, and mud. On
arriving back at Mkindu the men received the magnificent
ration of i lb. of rice only.

By the 5th March the supply question at Mkindu had
temporarily improved. Gen. CunUffe therefore issued

94 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

orders for an attack on Ngwembe. The Nigerian Brigade
was reinforced by the Cape Corps and the Kashmiri
battery. The date of the attack was fixed for the
8th March — ^all troops having concentrated by the
previous day. Later on during the 7th March, the Com-
mander-in-Chief countermanded the attack on the grounds
of suppUes. On the 8th all troops returned to Mkindu
or their own respective stations. A British aeroplane
flew over Mkindu soon after the troops had arrived back,
and dropped a message stating that Ngwembe was still
occupied by a strong enemy force, and that they were
waiting for us. ,

Before going further it is necessary to record in short
what was taking place in the other part of the theatre.
At the beginning of February Gen. Northey's force was
distributed as follows : A small column at Likuju
moving towards Kibinda was following up Wintgens'
force that had been strongly reinforced. Col. Byron
was at Songea ; Col. Tomlinson at Kitande, opposing
Wintgens, Col. Murray was between Ifinga and the
Htu river, opposing Kraut's force, that at about this
time reinforced Wintgenp. Col. Hawthorne with a
column near Alt-Langenburg was marching towards
Wiedhaven.

Gen. Northey, thinking it possible that Wingtens was
preparing an attack on his Une of communication, ordered
Col. Murray to move to Tandala. A small mobile column
under Capt. Anderson, i8th Hussars, was attacked by a
much stronger force north of Milow on i6th February,
and fought a most gallant action, but had to retire under
cover of darkness. In this action Col. Fairweather of
the South African Motor Cyclist Corps was killed.
Another small force, consisting of a company of K.A.R.,

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 95

on i8th February, 6 miles from Tandala, was nearly
cut off by the main body of Wintgens' force, but managed
after a most desperate fight to cut a way through, and
retired on Tandala. Luckily for that place Col. Murray's
column arrived in the nick of time, and Wintgens, not
wishing to fight a general action, moved north, abandon-
ing a small calibre gim. Wintgens' force towards the
end of February consisted of about 550 native rank and
file and 60 Europeans. Col. Murray followed him d.t
once. On 25th, February began a long chase in which
the Nigerians were later destined to join. Wintgens was
thus able to make his escape from Gen. Northey, chiefly on
account of that general's force having to be so spUt up to
deal with the numerous enemy detachments in this area.

A concentration by the enemy near Lindi was taking
place aU February. Brig.-Gen. O'Grady was reinforced
in this area, and as soon as he was strong enough he
immediately began to worry the enemy. The port of
Lindi was prepared for the big offensive that was to be
based on that place, and was to commence as soon as
the rains came to an end.

At the end of February the ist Division, under Gei^.
Hajonyngton, held a line in the Rufiji area from Utete
to Chemera, through Mamatews. Chemera was an im-
portant place on accoimt of the light railway that was
being constructed behind it from Kilwa towards Liwale.
By the end of February the north bank of the Rufiji
river was clear of aU enemy.

In Gen. Hoskins' dispatch up to 30th May the following
paragraph, which explains itself, appeared : —

" Meanwhile the feeding of the various columns was a
source of much anxiety to me and to all my column
commanders.

96 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

" As the rains increased in the Kilwa area the animals
died of fly, and Ught mechanical transport work became
impossible ; porter transport had gradually to be adopted
inland, and a system of dhows and boats up to riverhead
on the Matandu river was instituted. Portions of the
1st Division located at Mohoro and subsequently at
Utete were suppUed by river transport up the Rufiji,
under arrangements \jdth the Navy, and the river became
the main line of supplies for all troops in that area.

" The maintenance of the troops in the Iringa area by
the Dodoma-Iringa line had become so precarious that
in March the Kilossa-Iringa line had to be adopted,
though it involved heavy casualties among porters and
donkeys and much sickness among the white personnel.
It was not imtil May that weather conditions again per-
mitted of the Dodoma-Iringa line being used.

" Difficulties of supply through the low-l37ing country
between Kibambawe and the Uluguru uplands steadily
increased, so that the troops were frequently on half
rations. I therefore hastened the withdrawal of the
remainder of Gen. Beves' force to recuperate and
refit.

"Sickness amongst Europeans and South African
units had assumed such proportions as to necessitate
their withdrawal to recuperate. I decided to send as
many as possible to South Africa and to recall them in
time for offensive operations after the rains.

" The hardships of the campaign and the brunt of the
fighting since 1914 had been borne by some Indian units
and by the King's African Rifles. Those had also suffered
severely from sickness, especially the Indians ; but units
were so weak as to make it impossible to withdraw any
of the King's African Rifles, and only certain of the

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 97

Indians were able to be sent to healthier ground to
recuperate."

The 3rd Division, composed only of South African
troops, had left .the country early in January 1917. It
was now decided to return the 2nd South African Division
to South Africa. So by the time the offensive was re-
commenced there were very few combatant white troops
left in East Africa. The strength of the King's African
Rifles was raised to twenty battalions, which fact makes
one regret the. more the previous disbandments in this
force. As this force at the outbreak of the war con-
sisted of only three battaUons, this effort speaks very
weU for British East Africa, and is an example to other
African colonies. With the withdrawal of these two
divisions the division organization was done away with,
and columns were formed, varying in size according to
the requirements of the operations to be allotted to each.

An organized Carrier Corps was now estabUshed, as
it had been proved that it was essential that the white
personnel who were to handle porters should understand
the natives imder their control, and be able to speak to
them in their own language.

In March the Compulsory Service Act was put in force
in British East Africa for both natives and Europeans.
The Carrier Corps greatly improved the conditions imder
which the native served. Up to this time the wretched
carrier had to look after himself, and serve under c6n-
ductors who did not know a word of his language. The
carriers' conditions in the early part of this campaign
were most unenviable, and they died by thousands
monthly.

To return to Mkindu. On 13th March, shortly after
midnight of the I2th-i3th, the Kibongo post was attacked
7

98 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

by a strong force. The enemy got within 150 yards of
the trench^, but did not approach nearer. On the 13th
the Brigade Headquarters moved to Mpangas on the
Rufiji, orders having been given out that the 2nd and
4th Nigeria Regiments, imder the command of Col.
Sargent, would remain at Mkindu, and all other troops
would be withdrawn to the river. The Commander-in-
Chief had decided that the Nigerian Brigade should
take over the whole of the upper Rufiji Une. AH South
African and Indian troops, who for a long time past had
been suffering severely from the climate and feeding,
were withdrawn to a more healthy station. On the
14th March half the Nigerian battery, the signalling
section, and a certain number of stretcher cases, together
with 700 carriers, left Mkindu at 6 a.m. for Mpangas.
This long convoy had for its escort three officers and
forty-nine rank and fUe, with two machine-guns. The
advance guard consisted of twelve rank and file, under
the command of Lieut. Buchanan-Smith. This had to
be divided again into the vanguard and main guard.
Capt. Milne-Home, with two sections and two machiae-
guns, remained with the guns as escort ; the remaining
section of twelve rank and iUe formed the re^guard.
There had been a fairly long halt at 6.4^ a.m. to allow
the long column to close up. At 7.30 a.m. two shots
were heard in front, which Capt. Milne-Home took to be
some one shooting game. This idea very soon proved to
be wrong, as several German rifles were heard to answer.
The convoy immediately halted, and the two available
sections, numbering about twenty-four rifles and one
machine-gun, formed up in a crescent formation round
the guns. The German flring became very heavy, but
the main body was unable to reply, owing to the advance

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 99

guard being out in front. Shortly afterwards the main
guard of the advance guard, numbering in all five rifles,
fell back and joined the main body. Lieut. Buchanan-
Smith came back himself from the vanguard, and reported
that he had seen five white men and a number of Askaiis,
and that every man in his vanguard had been knocked
out. A number of Askaris were observed by Capt.
Mflne-Home breaking back through the bush on his right.
They received the best part of a belt from the machine-
gun with the ifiain body. Many of them were seen to
fall. During this period all the 3rd Nigerians who were
wounded crawled back with their rifles and equipment
complete, notwithstanding the fact that several of them
were badly hit, and in fact one of them, Pte. Ahaji
Maifoni, was shot through both thighs. Pte. Dodo
Jalingo was shot through the limgs, and later died of
his woimds, whilst a third soldier was woimded in eleven
places.

Whilst the machine-gun was in action, one of the team,
Pte. Suberu Ilorin, got a bullet through his arm, but he
never ceased serving the gun, and only laughed when
some one suggested he should go to the dressing station.
The second machine-gun had been sent forward from the
rear, but before it arrived Major Waller had been
dangerously woimded, and Lieut. Vise had taken over
the command of the gims.

Lieut. Buchanan-Smith, who was now in chattge of the
firing line, had been instructed that whatever happened
this line must stand firm. Lieut. Vise, at about 8.20 a.m.,
discharged two roimds from his guns, with the fuses set
at zero. After that there was only some desultory firing,
the whole affair having lasted for one hour. The Nigerian
casualties were Major Waller and his native battery-

100 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

-sergeant-major, both dangerously wounded, three rank
and file killed, and nine others wounded ; in aU, fourteen
casualties of all ranks.

Lance-Cpl. Awudu Kadunu in this action won the
D.C.M. When with the advance guard early in tl?^e fight
he captured an Askari, and while in the act of disarming
him was attacked by another German soldier, whom he
killed, afterwards shooting his original captive who was
trying to'run away. Later he killed a German Eturopean.
Lieut. Buchanan-Smith accounted for two other Euro-
peans, whom he shot with his revolver at point-blank
range when the vanguard was first attacked. Thus ended
what might have been a very unpleasant little show.
The Nigerians were outnumbered, and were further
hampered with a very long convoy and many carriers,
who are always an anxiety to an escort commander.
That the guns and loads were all saved was due to the
personal valour and leadership of Lieuts. Vise and
Buchanan-Smith, who were both awarded the Military
Cross for the parts they took in this action. The (lermans
suffered many casualties. There were only three
Europeans and three Askaris actually accounted for, but
that they erected a dressing station and put up a Red
Cross flag during the action is known, and further, when
a careful examination of the groimd was made later
ifiuch blood and pieces of first field dressings were dis-
covered around in the bush — ^from which facts it is
beUeved that their casualties must have been quite heavy.
The total loss of material to the Nigerians in this action t
was only on? rifle and a hundred rounds of ammimition,
both taken by the Germans from the body of a man who
had been killed, arid whose body could not be got back.

There were several differences of opiriion as to what

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 101

the Germans were doing on the Mkindu-Mpangas road.

on this day. In the opinion of many people they cotdd

not be lying up for a food convoy, as they were facing

towards Mkindu instead of Mpangas. If they had

meant to ambush a supply convoy, it stands to reason

they would have dug in facing the way that the convoy

would come, instead of which all their firing pits were

dug facing Mkindu. They were actually about sixty to

eighty in strength, to judge by the volume of fire. It

was later proved that they had taken up. their position

on the old road the night before the action, and had

remained out all night watching the Mkindu road. It

had been at first intended that Gen. Cunliffe and his staff

should move back to the river on the 14th. At the last

moment this was changed to the afternoon of the 13th.

The last of the Headquarters to make the journey was

Major Booth, who could only have passed the scene of

the fighting an hour or so before the arrival of the Germans.

If the Germans had intended to take the battery — that

is, assuming that they knew the move was to be made on

the 14th — ^they would have sent out a much stronger

force than seventy rifles with no machine-guns. This

fact proves that they never expected the battery with an

escort to pass over this road on the morning of the 14th.

It is equally certain that they were not lying up for a

British supply convoy. It is therefore thought by many

that they must have been " l5ang up " for the General

and his staff, but by the greatest good luck, owing to the

change of plans. at the eleventh hour, their attempt to*

capture the whole of the Nigerian staff was frustrated.

Information of their probable move from Mkindu must

have got through to the Grermans by a spy who probably

was living in the British camp, disgmsed as a Swaheli

102 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

carrier. Capt. Milne-Home was handicapped by the
feeling of over-confidence in the safety of the road, that
had sprung up generally at Mkindu. Only a few days
before this action I was watching a big convoy arriving
from the river, under the escort of about twelve rifles.
Turning to a certain officer, I remarked, " What a fine
bag a convoy of this description would be for the enemy."
The officer laughed and said that the road to Mpangas
was as safe as any country road in England^^ and he
jvould feel quite safe walking down it with his mother
and aunts with umbrellas up to act as his escort. This
well describes the opinion that every one had at the tin^e
of the Mpangas road. The reader can judge how great
must have been the consternation of every one at Mkindu
when this fight was heard to be going on not more than
three miles from the Nigerian camp. On reading through
a certain officer's diary who took part in this scrap, I was
much amused to read an entry made on this date. " Our
company eventually went khead and got to Mpangas
about 4.30 p.m. Later in the evening a small mail
arrived, which contained amongst other letters one from

Mother and O congratulating themselves on my

being out of France at a nice safe place where the
show is over ! ! "

Whilst the. whole Brigade were at Mkindu there were
several attacks on the Kibongo post.^hich gave rise to
many false alarms. On a certain night the gatrison of
Mkindu were disturbed late in the evening and had " to
stand to arms " for the remainder of the night, whilst
silence reigned supreme at Kibongo. What had happened
to the j)ost no one knew. All was wrapped in the deepest
mystery. Later it was discovered that the officer in
charge of the post had been disturbed by a curious sound

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 103

as of a great force moving between Kibongo and Mkindu.
" My God," he thought, " I am cut off ! " The silent foe
could be seen moving from east to west in dark, shadowy
batches, and as they moved they were seen to be driving
in stakes. " They're putting up an obstacle between me
and Mkindu," thought the officer ; " surely I am undone."
By making a big circular toiir through the bush he
managed to escape with his detachment from the
" enemy." Next day when the ground was examined
the spur of many hartebeestes was seen on the exact
spot where the " enemy " had been seen the night before.
The driving in of stakes turned out to be the hartebeestes
grazing, and as they moved forward they hfted up their
heads, and as they halted so they put their heads down
to graze. The " enemy " was a great herd of these
antelopes, and the stakes were their horns ! Owing to
this false alarm four battaUons stood to arms all night.
It might have been a laughing matter if it had not been
so sad ! !

TaUdng about alarms, real and false, I wonder if my
reader has ever encountered driver ants ? They are
more terrible than any German ; they can make a reason-
able being do the Marathon in record time ; they will make
a sane man jump into a stream or ffing off his clothes and
roU in the grass as naked as when he was bom ; they
wiU take up residence in a house and no one will enter,
whilst the rightful tenant of the house wiU gladly remain
outside in the cold and rain rather than share his dwelling
with the intruder. A whole company will take up their
beds and walk on. their arrival. Saintly men will rage
like fiends when by chance a dozen or so of these " drivers "
have the whim to wander up his trousers ; whilst calm
and self-possessed men will dance better thcin the average

104 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Dervish at the very thought of one or two down his
neck. Their power to disturb is immense. They are
invincible. I once thought that I, a mere hipnan, could
" straf " the driver ants that had honoured my house
with a visitation during the night, but the " straf er was
strafed," and the house remained the sole property of the
ants till at dawn they decided to go elsewhere.

On the i6th March a small patrol was sent out to the
Kibongo neighbourhood by the 4th Battalion. The post
had been withdrawn the day before. Company-Sergt.-
Major Belo Akure was sent out in charge of this patrol,
which included no Europeans.

This sergeant-major is a most remarkable native. He
obtained the D.C.M. for extraordinary gallantry in a
pagan expedition on the West Coast some years previous
to the outbreak of the Great War. Dxiring the Cameroon
campaign he obtained a bar to his D.C.M. He was most
highly recommended by his captain and battalion com-
mander for a second bar during the same campaign.
He was awarded his bar for covering the retreat of a
party of Nigerians by checking the enemy's advance by
himself. He was ordered to conduct the retirement of
an advance post that was being heavily attacked. The
post was separated from the main position by an unford-
able river 35 yards in width. He got his men into the
only available canoe, and finding that it would founder
if he got in himself, he lay on the bank and covered their
retirement, being all the time subjected to heavy fire
himself, one bullet actually cutting his sleeve. When his
men landed he ordered them into the trenches on the
other side of the stream, and then swam the river himself
under heavy fire to join them. I have several times seen
this sergeant-major in action, and can honestly state

.iSi.-^-' i ^■^-

COMPAXV ^i-:r(;t.-major f.et.o aklrk. ji.c.m.. m.-M.

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 105

that I have, never seen a braver man. It makes one feel
quite ashamed of oneself when that nasty feeling of fear
catches one deep down inside and has to be expelled, for
one realizes that this native does not know what the
feeling of fear is. His one idea is that his officers must on
no account nm into unnecessary danger ; on no accoimt
will he let an officer go in front of him on a road. Any
cover that is handy must be reserved to conceal his
officers, even if he himself must lie down in the open.
I have seen him deKberately get in front of a European
so that if anyone should be hit it would be himself.

To retmn to the doings of Belo's patrol. During the
night the sergeant-major with three privates returned to
the old perimeter at Kibongo. About 6.45 a.m. he saw
a party of Germans approaching, which he estimated to
be about fifty natives led by two Europeans. The enemy
extended about 600 yards from the old Kibongo camp,
and sent forward a few scouts. The two Europeans
remained together in the centre of the extended line.
They were marked down by the sergeant-major to be for
his own private " bag." He ordered the three privates
on no account to fire till he had taken a deliberate and
well-aimed shot at the fatter of the two Germans ; the
other he was not interested in, as he was only a thin
man ! From that moment poor " Mai Tombi " (the fat
man) was as good as dead. The enemy's scouts had now
approached the sergeant-major's position to within
100 yards. " Mai Tombi " was 50 yards in rear of the
scouts. Belo Akure drew a careful bead on the poor
fellow's "equator." As he afterwards explained the
case — " I shoot him 6 o'clock for belly." The German
was seen to throw his arms up into the air and fall back-
wards. Immediately after the sergeant-major had fired

106 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

his small party opened rapid fire into the crowd. A good
deal of confusion took place, but when Belo saw that the
enemy were fixing bayonets, he thought it about time
that he and his friends got clear away, so he ordered the
men to retire through the bush back into Mkindu, whilst
he remained alone for another minute to cover their
retreat, and to have one more shot at the Boche. Both
he and his party got safely back to camp after a very
pleasant morning's shooting !

On the 25th March Sergt.-Major Belo Akure had another
Uttle adventure, and for the part he took in both he was
later awarded the Military Medal.

On this day Lieut. Travers of the 4th Battalion, with
twenty-four rank and file, including the sergeant-major,
went out on patrol duty in the Kibongo area. For some
6a.ys past small parties of the enemy had been moving
about in this district. Lieut. Travers intended laying
up for one of these detachments. He therefore placed
his patrol in smal groups around in the bush near to the
paths that' had been lately used by the Germans. He,
Sergt.-Major Belo Akure, and two other soldiers formed
one group. At 1.30 p.m. a German patrol was heard
coming through the bush. They actually passed within
15 yards of the sentr^ over the officer's group. The
enemy's patrol, whose exact strength is unknown, was
under a European. As soon as the European presented
a good target the sergeant-major fired at him, wounding
him in the leg. The fire was immediately taken up by
the rest of the group, but owing to the long grass it was
difiicult to see the Germans, but one German soldier was
killed. He must have been a magnificent specimen of
animal when alive, for he was at least 6 feet 4 inches in
height. The trouble was now how to get the Etiropean

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 107

away as a prisoner, as his iqends were all round in the
bush. Sounds of infuriated German Askaris, who fre-
quently discharged their rifles at nothing, were to be heard
in all directions. Once again Belo came to the rescue. He
left his place of safety and went out to the German who
was lying on the ground. History does not relate what
he said to the wretched man, but badly wounded as he
was, he got up and followed the sergeant-major to a
place of safety. When he met Lieut. Travers he was
about three shtides paler in colour than a good-looking
corpse. Sergt.-Major Belo Akure has a way with him !
Wheif he went out to the German he was liable at any
moment to have been fired on by the enemy from any
direction at a close range, as the bush was full of them.
Having had their morning's fun, Lieut. Travers' party
with their wounded prisoner got back safely to Mkindu
through, the bush. I have told these two anecdotes at
full length in order to show the style of fighting indulged
in during the rains in the Rufiji area. This sort of thing
was the " daily round and common task," and kept us
all from dying of boredom.

The Nigerians were incessantly patrolling, doing con-
voy duty on supplies, or evacuating hospital cases. In
these days the sickness both amongst black and white
was very heavy. Every evening would find of&cers con-
gregated at each others' huts, notwithstanding the fact
that whisky was nearly an imknown luxury, and the
ration of " dop " was, more often than not, conspicuous
by its absence, though it was sometimes drawn together
with a biscuit and a handful of rice and an occasional
tin of meat between two or three Europeans. Life
in these days was terribly monotonous and dull. I do
not think we received more than one mail (certainly not

108 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

more than two) during the whole time we were at Mkindu.
We therefore suffered from a reading-matter fataiine is
well as from hunger. The only thing to do when not
actually working was to sleep. I spent more hours in
a week in these days in the prone position than I have
ever done before or since when not actually sick. On
Good Friday 1917 an aeroplane came over Mkindu, and
after dropping bombs on the enemy at Ngwembe it
eventually returned to Tulo. All of us at Mkindu hoped
that our friend the Boche enjoyed his Easter eggs !

From Easter onwards events need no detailed descrip-
tion. The supplj» question became weekly more and
more acute. Shooting parties were organized to obtain
meat for the troops, but game was scarce, whilst lions
were plentiful. Between the lions and the shooting
parties the little game that was in this area went up into
the hiUs, too far away to be of any use to the hunter.
Taking this part of the theatre as a whole, there was to
all intents and purposes a complete lull in active opera-
tions. That the enemy were also suffering badly for
want of food was the Nigerians' only consolation. As a
proof of this, on nth April two German Europeans and
three native soldiers were brought into the Mkindu camp
from the British post at Kipenio. The wire being
damaged between that post and the British extreme'
right flank post on the river, a small wire party of one
European and three native soldiers set out to repair the
damage. This party had not long left Kipenio before
they came upon a party of the enemy in the bush, con-
sisting of two Europeans and seven Askaris. As soon as
the Germans saw the small British party they surrendered.
They were in a perilous condition. Their native soldiers,
suffering from hunger, had all eaten a poisonous root

OPERATIONS DXJRING THE RAINS 109

that they had dug up in the bush. One of these wretched
men had just died, and all the rest were in great pain,
and no doubt dangerously ill. Three more died the same
night at Kipenio. One of the three who were brought
into Mkindu died the day after he arrived. This party
were in a more 6r less semi-moribund state when fovmd
by the wire party, for they had been wandering in the
bush for days.

On i6th April the question of suppKes was getting
even more serious. Orders were therefore issued for the
Nigerian battery and the 4th Battalion to withdraw
from the river and return to Morogoro on the Central
Railway — ^the most cheerful news I think I have ever
received in my life. On 30th April the ist Nigeria
Regiment was also evacuated to the railway.

The march back to the railway needs describing at
length, for it would be quite impossible to find a worse
road than that followed by the troops anywhere in Africa.
The following account is taken from a diary written at
the time the journey was made by the 4th Battalion :
" On the i8th April, owing to the lack of suf&cient accom-
modation on the lines of communication, only half the
battalion could march together down them. Therefore
the battalion was spUt up, and later, when Capt. Maxwell
went sick, 'I myself was in command of the first party.
Col. Sargent, with the Battalion Headquarters and the
rematader of the battaUon, followed two days later. The
crossing of the Rufiji commenced at noon on the i8th.
Capt. Maxwell's company completed the crossing with-
out mishap. The ferry was able to accommodate ten
men at one time, though the same boat had often taken
as many as twenty armed men at once. At about
5.45 p.m. there were left of 14 Company oply eleven

110 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

men and three officers to cross. The Indian native
officer in chatge of the ferry ordered, all the eleven men
to get into the boat, and thus complete the crossing of
all the native rank and file. All went well till the ferry
was nearly across, whep, to the horror of all who were
standing on the banks, the ferry was seen to "capsize.
Out of the eleven soldiers and the three Indians only
one soldier and two Indians were saved. This company
lost on this day three non-commissioned officers, all of
whom had the D.C.M. The Rufiiji at the time was more
like a nullrace than a river, and was quite 300
yards broad. This was the very first accident of its
kind that had ever occurred, though thousands of troops
had crossed the ferry during the past few months. On
the 2ist April the detachment left Wiransi at 6.30 a.m.,
arriving at Dakawa at 5.30 p.m., a distance of twelve
miles. The road was good to within a mile of the Mgeta
river, when it became swampy. The bridge over the
river was washed away a week before. The crossing was
therefore made by means of a trolley on an overhead .
wire, which carried six men at a time. It took four
hours to cross the river by this means. From the Mgeta .
riVer to Dakawa is only two miles, but the road through-
out was never less than two feet under water and thick
black bog. At some' places the water was waist deep.
Near Dakawa crocodiles had been seen actually on the
track itself, and had been known to have killed or muti-
lated carriers whilst they were walking along this road.
Dead mules and donkeys and eVen dead carriers littered
the road on each side in various degrees of putrefaction.
The whole of the detachment was in a wet and exhausted
condition ; it had rained very hard most of the day to
add to all our other troubles.

o

o

o
o
a
o
S

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 111

" On 22nd April we left Dakawa at 9 a.m., arriving
at Duthumi at 3 p.m., a distance of ten miles. The road
was fair except at one place where there were about
five hmidred yards of quagmire.

" 23rd April we rested at Duthumi. The detachment
was in a very bad condition, and there were very many
sick.

" 24th April we left Duthumi at 6.30 a.m. for Tulo.
It is doubtful if there could be a worse piece of road in
the coimtry or even in the whole of Africa. The distance
is not more than twelve miles, but for nearly the whole
way the road led through the worst sort of black stinking
mud, it was throughout knee-deep in water, and some-
times the water was above the waist. To make matters
worse large numbers of cattle and donkeys had died in
the swamp, and having rotted, the stink was too bad
for words. Two weeks before over eighty head of cattle
had died in this swamp, togethet with several natives.
The party arrived at Tulo at 3 p.m., after the worst trek
up to date.

" 25th April the party left Tulo for Suimnit at 6.30 a.m.
Much water was passed through during the first trek ;
in fact the road was frequently more Hke a rushing
mountain stream than anything else. The party arrived
at Mua riyer at 10.30 a.m. It took nearly five hours to
cross this river by means of the overhead trolley. First
the rope gave out that drew the trolley across the wire ;
then the trolley itself went out of order. The detach-
ment did not arrive at Bottom camp until 3.30 p.m. ;
from Mua river to this camp was only two and a half
miles. At this point of the journey the carriers were
replaced by motor transport. It was impossible to get
all the loads up f o the Simunit camp the same evening.

112 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

therefore a guard was left to look after all the loads left
behind. It was dark when the detachment arrived in
camp. The whole distance traversed this day was only
sixteen miles.

" 26th April : Lieut. Travers left Summit at 8 a.m. in
charge of the detachment. He did not arrive at Ruvu
top until after dark ; the journey was about sixteen to
seventeen miles over a fairly good road. The detach-
ment was greatly troubled with heavy rain all day, and
arrived in camp in the most exhausted condition. Nearly
half the loads had been left behind at Summit owing to
lack of transport, and these followed the next day.

" 27th April : A very large number of sick had to be
admitted to the hospital at Ruvu ; the detachment
rested at Ruvu during the whole of this day.

" 28th April : The detachment left for Mikesse at
6 a.m. Its strength was now only 152 ; 74 rank and file
had been left in hospitals along the line of communica-
tion. The party rested for the night at a haJf-way house
nine miles from Ruvu.

" 29th April : The detachment continued the march
to Mikesse at 6 a.m., and after a thirteen-mile trek arrived
at that place at 2 jp.m., without any further casualties.

" 30th April : Col. Sargent's party arrived at Mikesse ;
they were nominally half a battalion in strength, but
when they had completed the march they were only
119 strong. The effective strength of the whole battalion
on the evening of the 30th was only 212, present at
Mikesse. All this sickness was due to the starved con-
dition that the men were in when they left the river."

The state of the road, as seen by us during this march,
explained for itself the shortage of rations on the Rufiji.
There cannot possibly be any other theatre of war

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 113

possessing so difficult a line of commimication. In
order to feed three thousand native troops, Europeans,
and various departmental units, an army of at least
twelve thousand men had to be employed. Mechanical
transport drivers fell sick so frequently that in one
month there was nearly a complete change of the per-
sonnel. These drivers had to work seven days a week
without rest, and with insufficient time to even get their
food. Their work was never finished till after dark,
and it commenced almost before daylight.

Taking the road as a whole from Mpangas to Mikesse,
words to describe it fail me. From Mikesse to Summit
camp it was nominally passable for mechanical transport,
but the only form of mechanical transport that could
cope with this road was the Ford car. This fact is the
most wonderful advertisement that any maker could
wish to have. In many places the cars were up to their
axles in mud, and in other places the cars Hterally bounded
from rock to rock. Nowhere did a car get a dear run
for more than a hundred yards at a time, yet these Ford
cars managed to get through where no heavier make of
car could possibly stand the road for even one journey.
In East Africa the Ford car was nicknamed a " jigger,"
after the jigger flea, for like the insect it can get
anywhere ! From Summit to Mpangas the transport
generally used were porters, but donkeys were used in
addition between Tulo and Dakawa. These wretched
little beasts seemed to be a failure in those parts owing to
the tsetse fly, from the effects of which they die at the
rate of about a hundred a week. The porters obtainable
in this part of Africa were not altogether satisfactory,
as they were only able to carry a 50 lb. load at most.
Taking into account all these difficulties it seemed little
8

114 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

less than a miracle that the Brigade actually ever got
the little rations that they did receive when at
Mkindu.

On the 2nd May the wjiole of the 4th Battalion moved
by train to Morogoro, where the fJigerian gmis had
moved a few days previously. Towards the middle of
May the Rufiji began to go down, and the rain in this area
came to an end in June, though it actually rained on
every day in May except one in the Rufiji area. When
the river had gone down a considerable amoimt of equip-
ment of all kinds was found in the river bed, such as
carts, harness, and even motors, aJl of which had been
caught at the end of the last dry season when the river
rose suddenly. At the end of the rains suppUes at Rufiji
greatly improved, till once again every one was on full
rations ; thus the end of May saw the end of the famine
in this area. The troops during these months behaved
in the most exemplary maimer. One must remember
that in the native's mind his daily food is the most im-
portant tiling of all. For this he has been accustomed
for centitries past to fight, and it has been the ruling
factor in all the hundreds of tribal wars that have taken
place throughout the length and breadth of Africa. If
a native is denied his food, his chief pleasure in Ufe is
taken away from him, and he becomes morose and dis-
contented. A happy nigger is he that has his belly full.
The way these half-starved men carried out their duties
would be a fine example to the best white battalions in
any theatre. Though the last few months had been a
very severe trial to both Europeans and natives, the
Nigerian Brigade had fulfilled its allotted task of hoidiog
the Une of the upper Rufiji.' It is doubtful if any other
available troops in this theatre could have kept going,

OPERATIONS DURING THE RAINS 115

let alone take the ofiensive again when called upon to do
so at such short notice and with little or no time to
recuperate. The result of the Nigerian Brigade holding
this line throughout the rains was to force the enemy
to retire still further to the south.

CHAPTER VII

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT

WE must now return to Gen. Northey's opera-
tions in the West. We left Col. Murray
pursuing Wintgens, and on the 13th March
Wintgens was at Alt Utengule. On the i8th he had
reached St Moritz mission. Col. Murray, though con-
tinually attacking Wintgens, never could bring his main
body to a decisive action, though many rearguard actions
were fought. Wherever Wintgens went he stripped the
country of food so that in rear of him the country appeared
as if a plague of locusts had passed that way. In this
way the pursuers were always dependent on their supply
train, whilst Wintgens lived on the country. A British
force was sent to Tabora to be prepared to move against
Wintgens should he break north.

On the 2ist March Col. Tomlinson with an advanced
detachment was within three miles of St Moritz when he
was heavily attacked and forced to retire after a sharp
fight. Col. Murray tried to encircle Wintgens ^t the
mission, but once again the Germans were too sharp and
slipped away to the east, where they got into a rich and
fertile district. From here they next turned north-east,
and by the 15th April were at Nkulu. Major Mont-
gomery of the King's African Rifles, commanding the
detachment which had been sent into Tabora, now
marched to ^undu, at which place he arrived on the
ue

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 117

26th, but Montgomery's force was too weak to be able
to do anj^hing against the main body of the enemy.
He was therefore forced to fall back upon Sikonge. At
Itigi, on the Central Railway, a mobile column had been
formed. This force reached Koromo on the 30th April.
Murray in the meantime was delayed in his advance by
his ever-increasing line of communication. He only
reached Sikonge by the end of April.

At this crisis of the pursuit Brigadier-Gen. Edwafds
was placed in command of all these columns so as to
ensure their co-operation. Luck was, however, not with
this General from the very first. A battalion of Indian
troops had been despatched by train from Morogoro,
soon after the 4th Battalion had arrived at this place,
in order to reinforce Gen. Edwards. A railway bridge
between Morogoro and Kilossa collapsed on the 7th May
when this troop train was crossing it. The casualties
amongst the troops were heavy, but what was almost
as bad, the coUapse of this bridge greatly delayed the
whole of Gen. Edwards' operations.

Wintgens remained in the Kitundu district till the
middle of May. The greater part of his troops were
recruited from the Tabora and Muanza districts. This
fact was of great importance in the campaign, for no
doubt Wintgens should have gone south to reinforce
the Grermans in the Mahenge district, but his Askaris
refused to go south, and to show their determination a
few of them deserted. This is the only incident of its
kind on record, where the Askaris did not blindly obey
their German masters, but in spite of this their morale
never suffered.

Again, it was a known fact that Wintgens was very
jealous of von Lettow. It appears that when the two

118 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Grerman blockade running ships successfully rushed the
blockade with rifles, etc., on board, Wintgens was never
given his fair share of modem rifles. Thus most of his
force was still armed with old .450 rifles of 1871 date.

Murray reached Kitundu on the 19th May only to find
Wintgens had evacuated that place three days previously,
and had marched north-west. It now looked as if
Wintgens' objective was Tabora ; and in fact, deserters
amongst his Askaris and carriers corroborated this.

About this time Wintgens became seriously ill and
surrendered himself to the Belgians after handing over
his command to* Naumann. Naumann now moved
rapidly by night, and instead of marching on Tabora
as expected, he turned slightly to the east and so eluded
the Belgian commander and Gen. Edwards, who were
now in close touch with each other and prepared to co-
operate with each other.

From the i8th-22nd May the 4th Nigeria Regiment
were resting at Morogoro. Most of the senior of&cers
had gone on leave to Zanzibar. On the 23rd, about
midday. Major Webb, now temporarily in command of
the battalion, received orders to be in readiness to entrain
at a few hours' notice for Tobora. Unfortunately, en-
training orders were delayed for twenty-four hours, in
spite of the fact that a train was at Morogoro ready to
take the first half of the battalion to Tabora.

At 9 p.m. on the 24th May Major Webb entrained in
command of half the battalion. Five hoixrs later the
remainder of the battalion entrained under myself.
Thus began the long and trying purstdt of the most
elusive Naumann by the 4th Nigeria Regiment.

We will now follow the adventures of the two troop
trains separately. Major Webb commanding the first

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 119

train received orders to detrain at Nyuhua, a small
station 30 miles east of Tabora. By this time Gen.
Edwards had learned of the change of direction in
Naumaim's advance. Major Webb, on reaching Nyahua
on the evening of the 26th May, detrained. No sooner
had he done so than he received orders by wire to re-
entrain and proceed back along the line for 26 miles
to Malongwe.

Naumann was now known to be very close to the
Central Railwgiy. Major Webb expected to have this
train attacked at any moment during the return journey.
The train had only passed Kilometre Stone 744 by about
two nulometres when it came to a standstill. The engine-
driver reported to Major Webb that he would be unable
to reach Malongwe, then only a few kilometres distant,
without taking on some wood at the wood stack close
to kilometre 742. It was then just before dawn. All
the information went to show that the advance guard
of the Germans could at most be only a few kilometres
distant ; in fact the train had only stopped a short while
before in order to pick up a wounded British native
soldier who was Ijdng by the side of the track, who stated
that he had received his wound from a German patrol.
A most imcomfortable halfrhour was therefore spent
beside the wood stack ; as it afterwards came out that
the very moment when the troop train was " wooding,"
the enemy's advance guard was actually passing under
the line by means of a big culvert at kilometre 744.
There is little doubt that the Germans saw the troop
train, and deliberately left it alone, as their chief object
was speed ; thus they let go an opportunity of inflicting
heavy damage upon British troops with little danger to
themselves. Major Webb arrived at Malongwe at day-

120 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

break on the 27th and immediately detrained. A small
patrol was sent back along the line towards Tabora with
orders to make a careful reconnaissance as far as the
next station. This patrol saw a large party of Germans
at Kilometre Stone 744 at about 7 a.m. The party,
under Lance-Corporal Moma Adija, fired on a group of
Europeans that had crossed the Une ajtid were sitting
down to eat an early breakfast a few yards north of the
permanent way. Two white men were either kUled or
woimded by the fire of this patrol who shot at them at
a range of only 30 yards. This incident put the
Germans on the alert, and it was not long before they
were able to repay the deed with interest.

As already stated, the second train left Malongwe
about 2 a.m. on the 25th May. This journey was to
turn out to be a chapter of misfortunes in itself, but it is

typical pf a railway journey on the Central Railway in

those days. All went well as far as Dodoma, where
several coaches of the first train were found waiting,
owing to their train being too heavy to proceed further
with all its coaches. All were croiyded with troops.
These trucks were attached on to the rear of our train.
The engine was an old German locomotive that had
avoided destruction with her sisters when the Germans
retired from the Central Railway. She did her best to
draw this long troop train, but during the night of the
25th-26th she came to a standstill. Early in the morning
the driver came to see me to report that he could go no
further without water. The men were turned out of
their coaches, and with any vessels at their disposal, not
even despising their canteens, they commenced to water
the engine from a stream near by. This process of water-
ing took about two hours A further delay was caused

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 121

by something going wrong in the interior of the beast.
By the time this was put right most of the water had
boiled away, so that once again the men had to water
the engine from the stream. It was nearly lunch time
before a move was made, when with much puffing and
blowing the engine came to rest at a small station, not
more than four or five miles from where we had just
watered.

Here the train waited for four hours till another engine
came to the rescue. About 5 p.m. another long halt was
made owing to there being another train on the next
sector of the line. By 6 p.m. Ititi was reached. Here
the first local news of Naumaim was received by us.
German troops were reported to be in the neighbourhood
of Kitarara — a station about fifteen miles west of Ititi.
Owing to this, orders had been issued that no trains
were to go west of that place after dark. Kitarara was
reached about 8 p.m. It was then dark, so all the
troops were detrained, and picquets were put out round
the station, where the troops bivouacked. The night
was uneventful. The engine had been forced to proceed
to the next station from Kitarara, as the water supply
at this place had given out. Our engine was supplied
with a truck heavily weighted with sand, which she
pushed in front of her in case of bombs having been
placed along the line by the enemy — ^the idea being that
the truck would explode the bomb, and thus save the
engine. The engine did not return till 7 a.m. the follow-
ing day, and the journey was continued without further
delay to Malongwe, which place was reached by 10.30 a.m.
Here the Headquarters of the battalion were waiting
imder the command of Major Webb. Half an hour before
our arrival Lieut. Kellock, with a strong recoimoitring

122 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

patrol, had left the station and patrolled down the line
as far as the wood stack at kilometre 742. As soon as
the second train had finished detraining half a company
was sent to reinforce Lieut. KeUock's patrol, but before
these reinforcements had left the station, heavy firing
was heard from 1000 yards' distance down the Une.

The Germans at kilometre 744, having been disturbed
by Lance-Corporal Moma Adija's patrol, sent a strong
right flank guard towards Malongwe. This force moved
through the bush on each side the permanent "way, and
lay up a thousand yards away from the station in order
to ambush any patrols passing across the guarded bridge,
600 yards up the line. The Indian guard on the
bridge had seen nothing of the German party, and
Lieut. Kellock's " point " walked right into this ambush,
with the result that two rank and file were killed and
five more wounded. It was quite impossible for this
patrol to fire even one round with effect, as the Germans
were so well concealed. After this the Germans fell back
and Lieut. KeUock was able to proceed towards the
wood stack. About 8 a.m. the Germans cut the wire
between Tabora and Malongwe at kilometre 744, after
having tapped into the wire so as to get all information
possible of the British movements and position of troops.
Thus Malongwe was isolated from Headquarters during
most of the 27th. About midday a wire repairing party
was sent on a motor tractor from Tabora to inspect and
repair the line. This work was completed by 2 p.m.,
and the fine once more reopened at about 3.30 p.m.,
the tractor being between kilometre 741 and 742, when
it was seen by Company Sergt.-Major Belo Akura, who
was on patrol duty near the railway, under orders from
Lieut. Kellock to stop any engine or tractor proceeding

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 128

from the direction of Tabora, and who held up his hand
with this idea in view, and called upon the driver to halt.
The linesmen inside the tractor were in a very jumpy
condition, having been fired upon early in the day by
a small party of Germans. Nigerian troops had not
operated in this area before, with the result that Belo
Akure was taken for a German. The driver of the
tractor tried to reassure his passengers, but to no purpose,
and Belo Akure was fired upon at a range of about only
50 yards. Tbi^ immediately convinced the sergeant-
major that the occupants of tlie tractor must be Germans,
ajid he reported this to lieut. Kellock, who was greatly
puzzled by the whole incident. It seemed qmte certain
to him that in some way or other the Germans held the
line to the west, and had captured some rolling stock.
He therefore ordered his patrol to return immediately
to Malongwe, as he wished to warn Major Webb of these
facts, and he was also aware that Malongwe was held
only by a small party, and therefore felt it his duty
to return immediately so as to reinforce the garrison in
case of a German attack. Thus through a chapter of
accidents the whole German force had managed to cross
the line to the north without opposition. On the night
of the 27th-28th May this force camped near a stream
10 nnles north of the railway. During the same night
Major Webb received orders by wire from Gen. Edwards
to pursue the German column. However, up to this
time there was stiU some doubt as to whether the whole
of Naumann's colimm had crossed the line or not. To
this fact is due the delay in definite orders being issued
by Gen. Edwards. During this night two companies
of the 13th Belgians arrived at Malongwe from Tabora
under the command of Major Larsen, the Belgian Com-

'124 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

mandant. The rest of this battalion arrived during the
morning of the following day.

At 6 a.m. on the 28th the pursuit commenced in earnest.
The pursuing column, on arriving at kilometre 744,
turned north from the railway and followed the German
tracks. Large patches of blood marked the spot where
the German Europeans had had their breakfast the day
before. Several carrier deserters were caught by the
4th Battalion "point," and these were able to give
useful information as to the Germans' movements. The
Allied column, consisting of the 4th Nigeria Regiment
and the 13th Belgians, camped for the night about two
miles north of the German camp of the previous night.

Early on the morning of the -29th Lieut.-Col. Sargent
arrived back from leave and took over the command of
the Malongwe column, as it was afterwards officially
known. On this day the march was continued,- but the
pursuing column failed to reach the second German
camp north of the railway this day. From information
received, Naumaim was at this time very short of supplies,
and was making extra long marches, partly to gain
distance on any troops that might be sent to pursue him,
and partly to reach a rich country as soon as possible,
and there collect suppKes for all his force.

On the 30th the Malongwe column reached the second
German camp, after a comparatively short march.
Here the Germans must have lolled their last herd of
cattle. To judge by the large number killed every man
in Naumann's force must have received a big ration,
and doubtlessly all ranks had been informed that no more
rations would be available till the rich country was
reached. At this camp Col. Sargent decided to halt
with his main body, whilst I was sent forward with one

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 125

and a half companies with orders to try to get in touch
with the enemy's rearguard, and failing that I was to
push on to^a villager named' Ikungu KawA Segela, for
which place the enemy were known to be making. This
advanced detachment marched from 2 p.m. to 8 p.m.
without seeing a single German or arriving at the village.
We therefore bivouacked in the bush and continued the
march at daybreak on the 31st. At 8 a.m. one German
soldier and two carriers fell into our hands. From these
some very useful information was gleaned. The main
German colmnn, we learned, was stili twenty-four hours
ahead of us, having left Ikungu the day before, at which
place they had spent one day in raiding the country for
cattle and supplies. Having collected aU they required
for their immediate future, they had continued the
march towards Sangenla,,leaAmig behind them a small
party who were unable to keep up on these forced
marches. AU this information was confirmed on reaching
the outl3dng farms of Ikungu at 9 a.m.

From leaving the railway right up to Ikungu, the whole
country passed through was dense elephant bush. In
places the country had been pathless before the advance
of Naumann except for innumerable tracks of hundreds
of elephants. These great beasts had cut up the
whole of the grovmd with the impression of their giant-
like feet.

At 10 a.m. om: point took prisoners two German
Europeans, eight Askaris, and forty-two other natives.
The wretched natives of the Ikungu had had everything
looted from them by the Germans, including cattle,
sheep, goats, and chickens ; and after being roped together
by their necks had been forced to carry these loads of
loot for Naumann's force. The head man of the village

126 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

was in despair when we arrived, and was only too glad
to do anj^hing in his power to help us, and furnished
us with any information of the Germans' movements.
On going through the prisoners' kit I found eleven
poimds in silver, and was very pleased to be able to hand
this sum over to the head man in the presence of the
prisoners, as part-pajmient for the two hundred head of
cattle that had been taken from him without one rupee
having been paid towards their value. The Germans
had descended upon the viUage without the least warn-
ing, had spUt up into small raiding parties, and in this
way entered every farm for some miles round the Ikungu
village. If only the AUied colmnn had been a Uttle
quicker in starting from the railway, and been able to
make march for march with the Germans, we should
have arrived at Ikungu when, the enemy were spUt up
and engaged in looting the neighbourhood, in which
case most of the Europeans would have fallen into our
hands. As it was, the main German force had left the
previous morning, knd the rearguard about midday.
On arriving at Ikungu I sent forwajrd a strong patrol
under a native sergeant with instructions to try to over-
take the enemy's rearguard.

Evidently the Germans were not too well off in .311
ammunition as they had abandoned two machine-guns
at the village after having rendered them useless. To-
wards the evening the main body of the Malongwe
column began to arrive at Ikimgu, and continued to
arrive till well after dark.

During the next two days the pursuit was continued.
On the evening of the 2nd Jime the Malongwe colmnn
was only eight hours behind the German rearguard,
whilst a patrol sent out by myself from Ikungu must

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 127

have been within six hours of the Germans. During the
3rd and 4th June the forced march was continued. These
two days were the most trying, as the country was now
very undulating, and the weather had become very hot.
Many of the Europeans of our column were by this time
suffering from small attacks of fever.

By midday on the 4th the column overtook our advance
patrol, which had halted at a small village on the 3rd,
their reason for halting being that the Germans had been
reported to have divided into two parties at this place.
However, this information was not correct. No doubt
our advance patrol had lost one more opportunity of
taking the enemy's rearguard by surprise, for when they
halted they must have been within two hours of the
wily Him. This failiure of the advance patrol to gain
touch with the enemy was a great set-back for the
Malongwe column. By midday we arrived at Sangenla
only to find that the enemy's rearguard had left that
place the same morning. In these eight days the
Malongwe column had marched oyer 120 miles, and
both Eiuropeans and natives were beginning to show
signs of fatigue. Col. Sargent therefore decided to give
his column a rest before continuing the advance. It
was also necessary to collect suppUes from the neighbom:-
hood. Whilst at Sangenla news came in that a party
of Germans, believed to be one company, had marched
on to Singidda, whilst the main body had marched direct
to Mkalama. At both places there were forts, but at
the former there were not six rifles present to defend it
against attack. The consequence was that Singidda
surrendered without a shot being fired. The Germans
treated the two British officials here most politely, and
let them keep all their own property and money, but

128 NIGERLINS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

they took all the money away that was in the Govern-
ment safe.

During 5th June the AUied column rested at Sangenla.
In the course of this day many native reports came in
of the enemy's doings in the neighbourhood. Pillage
and rape seemed to be the order of the day with
Naumann's troops, while several cases of murder were
also reported. The Germans in East Africa were not
far behind their brothers in Europe for frightfulness.
Whilst on this subject, the few cases might be referred
to that have already appeared in the EngUsh newspapers
of the doings of these same troops in and about Tabora.
Archdeacon Woodward, who was one of the civilian
prisoners at Tabora in the German's hands, stated that
prisoners of war, apart from all hardships, insults, and ,
privations that they had suffered at the hands of the
guard, had been subjected to such a course of treatment
as was calculated to lower the prestige of the British
race in the eyes of the native, and, further, when an
appeal was made against such treatment the prisonerg^
were informed that they had no rights. Service men on
several occasions, imder native guards, were compelled
to drag a handcart from the prison court at Tabora for
some considerable distance from the camp, and there
collect, with their naked hands, cow dung, and place
the same in sacks which were deposited on the cart, and
then forced to drag back the handcart to the camp.
This manure so collected was for the use of the garden
belonging to their European guards, and was collected
from places frequented by natives. This was done not-
withstanding the fact that there were many native
prisoners available for this purpose. Again, service
men on numerous occasions under native guards were

THE NAUMANN PURSUIT 129

forced to carry raw ox hides from the prison at Tabora
to a cattle kraal some distance away, and there forced
to scrape and bury the skins in manure, and subsequently
to draw water at a neighbouring weU and wash these
skins. After a certain lapse of time these skins were
dug up and scraped when in a stinking condition, and
the white men were compelled to carry these to Tabora
and to pass on their way through the Askaris' barracks
and Indian encampment. Again, service men, for a
considerable period of their internment at Tabora, were
forced to dean out the closets of native soldiers. These
same European prisoners were continually being forced
to drag a lorry through the town under a native guard,
when in many instances their clothing, on account of
its scarcity, was hardly decent, and, further, they were
without boots or shoes. The worst case of all that I
have in my possession is told by the Rev. A. B. HeUier,
Inspector of Schools at Zanzibar, who was also an in-
terned prisoner at Tabora. He states that on 22nd April
1916 forty-nine European prisoners, nearly all British,
thirty-four of whom were ladies, twelve of whom had
babies in arms, were taken by Dorrendorf, the German in
charge, from Buigiri to Tabora. All these prisoners, after
marching some considerable way, were placed in an iron
goods-shed at the station, together with forty-one native
prisoners, armed Askaris being posted all round the
four sides of the shed. In this condition the European
ladies and native prisoners were shut up all night.
Dorrendorf gave orders that the ladies only were to be
allowed to go to the lavatories, two at a time, imder
escort of Askaris. No one else was allowed to leave the
shed all night. The Askaris at once assumed an insolent
tone. After a time they actually refused to conduct

9

180 NIGERUNS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

any more ladies to the lavatory, but later relented. At
about 2 a.m. the Askaris became very noisy, and some
European in the party called out in Swaheli, " Silence I "
One Askari was very insulting, and brought Dorrendorf
and another German named Gerth — who incidentally
was drunk, Dorrendorf himself being by no means sober.
The former abused the English nation, and turning to
one Exuropeaa prisoner said : " Wait till I get you to
Tabora ; but I don't suppose you will reach Tabora
alive." He abused most violently a Catholic Sister of
Mercy, and said all EngHsh women make more trouble
than men, and finally instructed the guard to shoot at
sight anyone who moved. As they left the shed they
called the English occupants " swine." For twenty-
two hours this party was left without food. It is har(Uy
decent ^p go further with this narrative, but the insults
these ladies had' to put up with during the night were
intcderable. I do not ititend to go into details, but I
have never seen natives treated in the same way as
these white ladies were by these Sons of " Kultur."
If my readers can hold any brief for the Germans, I
commend them to read the parliamentary papers on this
subject, but what I have already written is sufficient
to prove that Grerman " Kultur " in East Africa was on
much the same level as it has been in Europe.

CHAPTER VIII

THE ACTION OF MKALAMA

ABOUT 3 p.m. on the 5th June I was sent for by
Col. Saxgent, and received orders to take com-
mand of an advance detachment, and do all
in my power to regain touch with the Germans. This
party was to leave Sangenla the same night, and was
to consist of two hundred picked men from both the
Belgian and Nigeriail Battalions, with four machine-guns.
Native runners from Singidda had come into Sangenla
during the day and reported that a small party of the
enemy was still at the former place. It was to be the
first objective of the advanced detachment to reach the
jimction of Singidda-Mkalama and Sangenla-Mkalama
roads, before this German detachment arrived at this
point, and there He in ambush for them.

It was a very long and tiring night march. At the
end of every hour a ten-minutes halt was made, during
which time most of the detachment usually managed
to faU asleep. Men nearly went to sleep whilst marching,
and would wake up with a start as they stumbled on the
track. At 8 a.m. the detachment had a rest for about
three-quarters of an hour at an old German camp, which
had been evacuated only a few hours before. Shortly
before dawn the march was continued. If this accoimt
should ever be read by my companions on this march,
I wonder if they wiQ remember the dawn of the 6th June.

131

182 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

At the time I well remember how struck we all were by the
beauty of the scene, as we neared the village of Mbaba
Iramba Kingangira — a long name for so small a village.
Dawn in the Tropics is always wonderful, but I never
remember being so impressed as I was on this particular
morning after a long night march. From the thick belt
of timber that follows the Mbaga stream we^ emerged
on to the edge of a great plain, bounded on the north
and east by mountains of the most pecuUar rugged
shapes ; in fact, if I may be permitted to coin an adjective,
almost " Heath Robinson " in contour. As we came
out from the thick bush, already a pearly glimmer had
caught the tops of *these mountains. Hill after hill
awoke from darkness to shadowy purple and grey, each
standing out silhouetted against the ever-changing and
brilliantly tinted sky. Away across the plain, where
night still brooded, the jagged ridges, serrated and
wonderful of contour, made a massive boundary of
dark shadow to the great plain of the foreground. The
tropical African dawn is as brief as it is beautiful. One
after another pink-tipped hills passed from a shadowy
pallor to the yellow glow of the young day, and then
the full splendour of the day broke. Shafts of light
pierced the purple shadows and engulfed the village-
dotted plain, where gradually the last shadows were
dispersed, and night had given birth to a new day. With
the coming of day all tiredness and sleeplessness were
gone, and aJl felt how good it was to be aUve, exhilarated
and hungry on such a morning.

At the village we halted for six hours, in which time
we had killed and cooked some local chickens, and had
rested in the shade of our ground sheets, rigged up on
sticks. Unfortunately the village bees could not agree

THE ACTION OF MKALAMA 133

to us putting up oyr beds and resting under some big
trees in which they had nested.

At midday Lieut. Fox vdth two sections of the 4th
Battalion and one machine-gun proceeded to the road
junction, seven miles distant. Here he prepared a
position in which to ambush any party of Germans
which should fall back along this road. However, a
few horns after he had left I received news from the local
natives that a German detachment from Singidda had
passed the road 'junction at 5 p.m. on the 5th. About
4 p.m. the main body of the detachment continued the
march, meeting Lieut. Fox on the main Singidda-Mkalama
motor road at about 7 p.m. In the meantime Cole
Sargent had sent on instructions for the advance detach-
ment to push on with all speed, as he had just received
information that the Mkalama fort was to be attacked
by the whole German force on this day. The march
was continued till midnight, when a five-hotu: halt was
made. During the halt two messengers got through
to me from Col. Sargent. From them we learnt that
l^kalama fort was only held by six Europeans and thirty
ex-German Askaris. There was therefore no room for
any doubt as to what the advance detachment must do.
The march was re-continued immediately to Mkalama ;
it was our own first intention to help, as far as we could,
the besieged Europeans in the fort. By 5.30 a.m. on
the 7th the detachment was once again on the road.
Lieut. Fox was in command of the advance guard, and
he had with him Sergt. Element and one machine-gun.
At 6.30 a.m. it was confirmed that the Germans had
effected a concentration at Mkalama, and were daily
attacking the fort, and that they had given out to aU
the natives of the district that they intended to take the

134 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

fort before continuing their march north. At 7.30 a.m.
a local chief informed me that there was a German
Eiiropean in his village,, marked on the map as Jumbe
Showish. He pointed out to me a tree in the distance
imder which, he stated, the European and his Askaris
had encamped the previous night. An attempt was
made to capture this party, but to no purpose, for only
a few shots were exchanged before the German made
good his escape minus his donkey and loads, which fell
into our hands. After firing some roimds the Germans
were seen to be retiring towards Mkalama, From this
time (8 a.m.) to 2.30 p.m. the " point " and vanguard
were continually having to deploy, and £ank guards had
to be sent out to picquet the high ground commanding
the line of advance. The general contour of the country
greatly favoured a small rearguard action on the part
of, the enemy, as the country was very rugged and the
road frequently passed through narrow defiles. It is due
to the most excellent work performed by the advance
guard that the detachment was able to continue the
advance at a speed of two and a half miles per hour
without suffering a single casualty, notwithstanding
the fact that the enemy's rearguard was continually
sniping the detachment. One Belgian soldier received
a bullet through his pack, which was the nearest any of
our party were to being hit during the advance, though
bullets kept on knocking up the dust along the road.
At 2.30 p.m. the main body of the advance detachment
was within two and a half miles of the fort, so that in
thirty-six hours we had marched fifty miles, and fought
an advance guard action for the last six hours of the
march. The advance detachment had marched alto-
gether 170 miles since leaving the railway ten days

THE ACTION OF MKAXAMA 135

previously — ^that is to say, we had averaged seventeen
miles a day. It must be remembered that this was
done, as far as the 4th Nigeria Regiment was concerned,
after a rest of only twenty-two da}^ at Morogoro, to
recuperate from the bad effects of the Rufiji area and
weeks of semi-starvation.

By this time (3.15 p.m.) the detachment was about
to debouch from a nsirrow valley on to a broad and open
plain. Mkalama occupied a position on a low rise in
the middle of this plain. At this point the whole detach-
ment was deployed. lieut. Fox was ordered to continue
the advance of the point and vanguard towards the fort
that was then clearly visible. The main body was to
continue the advance a thousand 5^rds in rear of Lieut.
Fox. During the time necessary to carry out this de-
plo5?ment, I, with the senior Belgian ofScer, scrambled
up a large rocky under-feature in order to get a better
view of the plain and Mkalama fort. From here one
tent could be seen about a thousand 5^ards to the right
of the fort. This, the guide said, marked the position
of the Grerman camp. It offered a wonderful range
mark for guns, but alas ! we had no guns with us. All
was extremely quiet, which shortly proved itself to be the
quiet before a storm. The Belgian officer was inclined
to think that it was only a smaU rear party of the enemy
at Mkalima, and that the rest had continued their march
north. He had only just given this out as being his
opinion, when without the least warning the enemy
opened up a very heavy fire on to the rock upon which
we were standing from, a mac&ne-gun on our right front,
and by infantry fire along our front. We came down
that rock, only obeying the law of gravity, which does
not permit a body to exceed a velocity of thirty-two feet

136 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

per second in the first second. Lieut. Fox was now
very hotly engaged. Sergt. Shefu Katagum, who was
in command of the point, did most excellent work.
Holding his small party in the firmest control, he gradu-
ally withdrew his men from the advance position, and
being amongst the last to retire himself, fell back on to
the vanguard. The whole of the Belgian company went
up to reinforce the vanguard, whilst the three remaining
sections of the Nigeria Regiment were held back as
reserve. I was at one time greatly tempted to reinforce
the left flank, which was throughout this action the
heaviest engaged, but to do so would leave me with no
reserves in hand to resist a counter-attack. By 4 p.m.
the enemy's fire greatly increased, and the Belgians'
left was being seriously threatened. There was little
doubt that the enemy were reinforcing their right flank,
and were preparing a strong counter-attack against this
flank. The AUied position was extremely good, but
owing to the short front taken up by these sections
(130 rifles and 3 machine-guns) it was very Uable to be
turned. At first we had it all oiu: own way, and though
the enemy's fire was extremely heavy, our firing line only
suffered from distant machine-gim fixe on the right
flank, where a concealed gun enfiladed part of ova line.
Most of the casualties that occurred were caused by this
one gun. By 4 p.m. it was quite evident that the de-
tachment was being opposed by the main body of the
enemy and we were therefore hopelessly outnumbered.
At 4.10 p.m. the Belgian machine-guns were doing very
useful work, but it was only a matter of time before their
left would be enveloped. At one place on the Belgian
front a party of Germans and a party of Belgians were
actually hunting each other round the same great boulder.

' THE ACTION OF MKALAMA 187

So near were the opposing sides to each other on the
left. At 4.15 p.m. I issued orders for the Une to with-
draw gradually to a prepared Une in rear. In the mean-
time Lieut. Hilton had retired with the three reserve
sections about four himdred yards.

At 4.30 p.m. Lieut. Fox greatly helped the retirement
of the Belgians by inflicting heavy casualties upon the
enemy with his machine-gun. A party of German soldiers
under a European was seen by that officer to be grouped
together about t|iree hundred yards to his front, appar-
ently quite imaware of the near presence of British troops.
Sergt. Element, who was personally working the gun, was
able to give them the best part of a belt, with the result
that the European and many natives were seen to fall.
This incident had the effect of stopping the enemy's
advance on the left flank for a few minutes, which enabled
the left Belgian section to disengage themselves and
withdraw to the new position. Lieut. Riedemarkers,
the Belgian officer in command of this section, was
wounded about this "time when trying to get back a
woimded native soldier to the rear. By 5 p.m. the
whole of the firing line had been withdrawn to the new
position. Throughout this retiremerft the men were
subjected to a very heavy rifle fire from the enemy.
Dming the action the enemy from time to time treated
us to a few rounds from a pom-pom, which greatly
amused the men, being quite harmless, and apparently
only able to make a great deal of noise. Soon after
5 p.m. all firing ceased except for a few shots from the
direction of the fort. At 5.30 p.m. the scouts reported
that the enemy were again trying to work round our
flanks ; and owing to the exhausted condition of the
troops we decided to retire another thousand yardsj and

138 NIGERIANS IN GEEMAN EAST AFRICA

take up a safe position for the night, covering the main
road by which we had advanced, and by which we
expected reinforcements to arrive. A position was now
taken up along a high and rugged ridge, which com-
manded all the country to the north for a thousand
yards or more. The position was naturally a strong
feature, with good water in the rear, and a safe place
near to the water in which to put the woimded.

Both officers and men were too fatigued to take the
offensive again that night ; we were all too tired even
to eat, and fell asleep just where we sat down after the
final retirement had been completed. The detachment
had been extremely lucky throughout the whole engage-
ment, and had only suffered twenty casualties in all, of
which only five were killed or afterwards died of
wounds.

There is no doubt that the enemy's casualties were far
in excess of our own. They certainly had more than one
European casualty, according to local native reports.

At I a.m. on 8th June Col. Sargent arrived with the
whole of, his column, less three sections, which were still
collecting food in the district. At 5.30 a.m. a Belgian
patrol was sent forward to recoimoitre. At 12 noon
the whole of the column advanced to the fort. To the
great reHef of all, when within a mile of the fort a small
Union Jack, about the size of a large pocket handkerchief,
could be discerned flying over the building. Thus we
learnt that the enemy had not managed to take the fort.
The garrison of six Europeans and thirty Askaris, under
the command of Capt. Holland, had managed to last
out the siege which had conunenced on the 5th. Capt.
Holland only arrived at Mkalama twenty-four hours
before the siege had commenced, and had brought with

THE ACTION OF MKALAMA 139

him, to the otherwise unprepared people in the fort, the
news of the German advance. The 4th Jmie was spent
in preparing for the arrival of the Germans. The water
tank in the fort was filled, stores were laid in, and all
windows made bullet-proof by the use of sandbags.
When the Germans evacuated the fort in 1916 on aceoimt
of van Deventer's mounted brigade's advance south,
they had laid large amoimts of dynamite at certain places
in the fort walls. It is not known if this was done with
the intention of .blowing the fort up before they left, or
if they had looked forward to the day when they would
return, and, by firing a single shell into the walls, detonate
all the charges of dynamite, and thus blow up the fort
together with the British garrison. Luckily the dynamite
had been discovered by Col. Kitchener, brother to the
late Kitchener of Khartoum, soon after the German
evacuation. The Colonel had had each place where
there was a concealed charge of dynamite marked clearly
with a black arrow. Owing to his foresight Capt.
Hollemd was able to have all the dynamite removed
within a few hours of the Germans' visit to Mkalama.

On the 5th June the German advance guard appeared
on the plain. A white flag party under a German
European was sent to the fort walls, and called upon
Capt. Holland to surrender the fort to them. Capt.
Holland, in the words of the Classic, informed the
Germans that he would see them all danmed fii^t.
Capt. Holland was informed that, as soon as the Germans
got into the fort they would hang every Askari in it,
as they were all German renegades. This threat failed
to frighten Capt, Holland, who told the German they
would have to get inside the fort first. He was able to
give them the cheerful news that the Americans had

140 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

declared wax against them, of which fact up to this time
they were not aware.

The attack on the fort was commenced at once by
several i-poimder shells being fired into the west end of
the fort at the very place from where the dynamite had
just been removed. The i-pounder failed to make any
impression on the walls of the fort, which were extremely
well built, having only been completed in 1910. Capt.
Holland reassured his Askaris by informing them that
a reUef column was weU on the way. However, the three
days and nights that followed without any signs or news
of rehef began to tell upon them. Matters began to
look serious on the morning of the 7th, when the Askaris
found themselves with only seventeen rounds left apiece.
If reUef had not arrived on the 7th, it is doubtful if the
fort could have held out for another day, as the Askaris
would have deserted during the night, knowing that they
could expect no mercy from their late German masters
if they should ever fall into their hands. The noise of
the action of the 7th was therefore most welcome to the
gallant holders of the fort.

The Germans had evidently had all they could wish
for in this action, for they spent the night in packing up
and clearing out of Mkalama. They had no wish to get
themselves into a general action on the following day.
Owing to the condition of the troops after this long march,
a rest had to be made at Mkalama. This enforced rest was
most unfortunate, for it gave the Boche the chance he
wanted of getting away and showing us all a clean pair
of heels.

On loth Jime Capt. Norton-Harper, with a company
of the 4th Battalion, moved to the Subiti river in order
to try and harass the enemy in crossing this imfordable

THE ACTION OF MKALAMA 141

river, but he was too late, for the Germans had got across
in boats, which they had afterwards destroyed. On this
day the first aeroplane arrived over Mkalama fort, but
thinking that we were Germans, dropped darts upon us,
with the result that one cow was killed. Altogether it
was a most imfortunate affair, for if the pilot had only
inown who we were, we could have told him that the
Germans were ^.t the very moment crossing the Subiti
only jiine miles away. If he had gone on to the river
he could have bombed them and dropped darts to his
heart's content and to the Boche's great aimoyance, for
most of the German carriers were local men and had
never seen a plane before. If a few bombs had been
dropped upon them they would have certainly stampeded
and left the Germans in the lurch. On 15th January the
pursuit was recommenced, but during the remainder of
the time that Col. Sargent was in command of this column
we never once again came up to the enemy.

The country north of Mkalama was most deUghtful.
Here there was ever3^hing a man could wish for — open
and healthy country, wonderful shooting, and an abund-
ance of fresh food and milk. This coimtry in times of
peace would be a veritable Paradise for the himter.
Elephant, giraffe, antelope, buck and every kind of wild-
fowl were all waiting to be shot. We, for our sins and
Navunaim, were unable to take advantage of what the
gods had put in our way. From the I5th-22nd June
the colimin continued the advance, having arrived on
the latter date as far north as Tirimo. This place was
destined to be the end of our march north. Here Col.
Sargent received orders by aeroplane to return to Tabora
via Shinyanga.

The country north of the Sibiti was friendly to the

142 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST' AFRICA

Germans, thus they were kept well informed of all our
movements. There is no doubt they had meant to march
to Muanza on Lake Victoria, but on arriving at the
Simiyu river they learned that the Allies were prepared
to meet them in strength at that place, and they there-
fore turned off north-east and marched on to Mashachi.
From here they went due east to Ikoma, where they
rested and awaited developments.

After the 4th Nigeria Regiment left the column to
return south the XIII. Belgians marched with all speed
to Ikoma, where they imfortunately met with a bad
reverse.

From Ikoma, Naumann marched south, when the
1st Nigeria Regiment imsuccessfidly took up the piusuit.
Naumaim was not eventually forced to sturender till
mounted troops were used against him, in conjunc-
tion with the Cape Corps, some months later. The
4th Nigerians had a long but imeventful return march
to Tabora, where they arrived on the loth July, having
covered five hundred miles on foot in thirty-six marching
days. We arrived back at Morogoro on 14th July with a
good deal better knowledge of German East Africa than
we had when we left Morogoro seven weeks before.
Up to that time our ideas of East Africa had been limited
to a perfect knowledge of the Rufiji area and the railway
from Dar-es-Salaam to Morogoro, but beyond that we
had seen nothing. Gen. van Deventer referred to the
Naumann episode as being a remarkable German raid.
Naimiann with his six himdred followers, wandering over
the northern part of the country, had proved exceed-
ingly troublesome, and they were not finally disposed of
unta 2nd October, when the last remnants, consisting of
three Europeans and fifty-three Askaris, were captured.

THE ACTION OF MKALAMA 148

Naumann had from start to finish covered about two
thousand miles. There is no doubt that the force which
carried out this raid was composed of first-class Askaris,
thoroughly well led. After heavily engaging the Belgians
at Ikoma, Naumann moved westward towards the Magadi
Lake, south of Kondoa Irangi, near which place he
narrowly escaped capture. After threatemng Handeni,
he was next heard of as being near Moshi, but on finding
Allied troops ready for him there he doubled back along
his own tracks, jie-crossing the Kondoa-Irangi-H&ndeni
railway, where he was finally brought to bay. Such a
raid could only have been carried out in bush coimtry
like German East Africa, where the bush is often so thick
that two considerable forces might pass within a mile of
each other, both being unaware of each other's presence.
It must also be remembered that the Germans lived on
the country, being quite indifferent to the feeUngs of the
local inhabitants, as they have alwa}^ been, whether in
European, African, or any other theatre of war. The
seal of the German must at all times be set upon the
enemy's cotmtry ! The grey wolves of war are ever
willing to do their work of slaughter and destruction, be
it in Emrope or Africa. The peaceful villagers of East
Africa have, like the villagers of the Ardennes, suffered
murder and outrage, whilst frenzied ferocity has raged
through both. Biunt and ravaged homesteads are the
paw-mark of the grey wolf either in civihzed Europe or
in darkest Africa.

CHAPTER IX

THE RUFIJI FRONT AND THE FURTHER OPERATIONS
OF THE 3RD NIGERIA REGIMENT

DURING April the Intelligence Department
patrols had gradually worked down the river
and had succeeded in getting into touch with
similar patrols pushing up stream from the Delta. The
work of the I.D. was done chiefly by canoes. On 8th May
the combined patrols succeeded in occupjdng Mtarula,
Loge-Loge, and Mpanganya. These were the last remain-
ing enemy positions on the south bank of the Rufiji. A
number of enemy Europeans and Askaris, comprising
the enemy's rearguard, were captured at Mpanganya,
while a large hospital full of sick and wounded enemy also
fell into the hands of the I.D. The 2nd and 3rd Nigeria
Regiments had been left at the Rufiji Front, when the
remainder of the Brigade had returned to Morogoro.
The general situation in German East Africa at the
commencement of the dry weather in 1917 was as
follows : — ^The enemy had been cleared from^ both banks
of the Rufiji and were holding the Kitope line, approxi-
mately 35 miles south of the Rufiji delta to the junction
of the Luwegu and Rufiji rivers. British troops held the
coast-line from the Rufiji delta to the north mouth of the
Rovuma river. The enemy held Mahenge and had posts
along the upper Ruaha river at Kidode, Kidatu, and
Ipakara, from which places it had been impossible to

144

THE GERMAN WIRELESS AT MAHENdE

FROM A GERMAN I'HOTOGRAl'H

THE RUPIJI FRONT US

drive them owing to the early arrival of the previous
rainy season, ^he Belgians held the western portion of
the.covmtiy, with Tabora as their centre. Gen. Northey's
columns from Rhodesia had occupied Songea. Songea
to Tabora was clear of the enemy, whose forces in this
area had broken north across the Central Railway, as
just described in the last two chapters.

German raiding parties had crossed the Rovuma
river and penetrated into Portuguese East Africa. The
German civil administration had moved to Liwale, on
which place a large number of troops were based.

At the end of the rains in May active operations in the
Rufiji area became more possible, but until the road to
the Central Railway via Duthtraii could be made fit for
motor transport, the supply situation rendered a general
advance impossible. Patrol work on both sides became
increasingly active, and there were several minor engage-
ments. In one instance a patrol of the 2nd Battalion,
with a few I.D. scouts, succeeded in surprising and rush-
ing an enemy's camp 35 miles south of the river. The
attack was quite unexpected, and the camp was captured
with all the food suppUes and personal kit. The enemy
fled to the bush, leaving behind them one European and
several Askaris. Other patrols of the 2nd and 3rd Nigeria
Regiments pushed down the Maba road and succeeded
in teaching that place after several small engagernents,
but the Nigerians were imable to remain here owing to
lack of supplies, and to the fact that the enemy were in
strength at Kitope, 15 miles south of Maba.

The enemy were therefore encircled and confined to

the southern ^)art of the country. They were cut off

from communication by sea, not only by the blockade,

but by reason of our troops being in possession of the

10

146 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

coast-line. The Germans, however, so it was reported,
were still able to receive wireless messages at Mahenge from
Germany via Damascus. They certainly had a wireless
almost to the very end of the campaign in Grertnan East
Africa, by which they received instructions from Europe,

On the south of the German forces lay Portuguese
East Africa, with a Portuguese force close to the Rovuna
river. On the north lay our columns operating from the
Rufiji river and the Central Railway. On the west and
south-west Gen. Northey's columns were operating from
Rhodesia ; on the north-west were the Belgians based
on Tabora, whilst from the east strong British forces were
operated from Kilwa and lindi.

Many costly experiences have proved how impossible
it is to make certain of enveloping an enemy's force in
the African bush. In German East Africa the difficulties
are greatly accentuated by the vastness' of the theatre
in which the forces are operating. The enemy were well
armed and were numerous. They were fighting in their
own country with their backs to the wall, and they were
led by a general who was a genius, in whose abiUty to
hold out indefinitely against the Allies both Europeans
and Askaris had unhmited beUef. The conquest of
German East Africa was far from being a completed fact,
notwithstanding that the English newspapers had for
months past stated, much to the disgust of the troops
taking part in the campaign, that this, the last German
colony, was conquered.

In conformity with the general plan of operations a
composite column under Lieut.-Col. Uniacke, consisting
of the 2nd and 3rd Nigeria Regiments, was to demonstrate
strongly against the enenay's forces on the Kitope line.
Lack of water made a direct advance impossible, and the

THE RUFIJI FRONT 147

columns were obliged to follow the Rufijij which here-
abouts makes a complete right-angled turn to the south.
On the 5th July the 2nd and 3rd Nigeria Regiments left
Kipenio and marched to Nyangandu. This march south
was continued on the 8th to Mswega, on the Kitope river.
Up to this time it is doubtful if the enemy knew of the
Nigerian advance in this area. On the loth July the
3rd BattaUon and one company of the 2nd attacked the
Grerman camp near Mswega. The German occupants
escaped through the thick bush, leaving the camp,
supplies, and European kit in the hands of the Nigerians.
The Nigerian casualties were light.

On the 13th July Col. Uniacke's column advanced to
Mswega. Patrols reported that the enemy had evacuated
Itete and Kitope. A sharp engagement took place on
the 15th between an enemy patrol and a company of the
2nd BattaHon. The Germans suffered several casualties
before retiring. A company of the 3rd Battalion occupied
Kitope on the 21st, after the enemy had put up a small
rearguard action. The column then moved south on the
23rd, and after making a demonstration, returned to
Mswega, drawing a certain number of the enemy after
them. On the 25th July the enemy attempted to ambush
a 3rd Battalion company, but were driven off. However,
on the following day they attempted the same again,
with some success. The enemy on this occasion were in
strength, and included a large proportion of Europeans.
On the other side two companies of the 3rd Battalion
were engaged. It was necessary to drive the enemy out
of their position on the ro£id, so as to permit the remainder
of the column to get through without being harassed. A
sharp fight ensued, in which the Nigerians were successful
and managed to dislodge the enemy from their position

148 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

after a two-hours' fight. The 3rd Battalion companies
suffered seventeen casualties in this engagement, of which
five rank and file were IdUed, The Germans did not get
away without their quota of casualties, and at least one
European was killed and majiy Askaris were either killed
or wounded. This Uttle engagement was a most crediiP'
able piece of work on the part of the two 3rd Battalion
companies. The thickness of the bush and the strong
position^ taken up by the enemy made thejr success all
the more creditable. The 3rd Battalion's comparatively
small losses in this engagement were due entirely to the
excellent leadership of the two company commanders
engaged, and to the exemplary behaviour of the men.
Re. Joseph Williams got wotmded in about half a dozen
places during this action, of which the destruction of his
lower jaw was not the worst, and yet three days later he
was seen in hospital at Mpangas with a cigarette stuck
in his remaining upper Hp, and asking for food. At the
time of writing this native is at Sidcup getting a new face.
All that know him wish him lufek, and hope that he will
enjoy his " chop " as much with his new face as he did
with his old.

On the 29th July this column, having accomphshed
the object for which it had been sent forward, fell back
to the Rufiji, arriving at Kipenio on the 31st July. A
small party of the 3rd BattaUon were left out in the
Kitope district in order to watch the enemy's movements.
Active operations in this Rufiji area having now come to
an end, the 2nd BattaUon was ordered back to Morogoro
en route for the Kilwa area. The 3rd Nigeria Regiment
was left behind to watch the Kitope line and to prevent
any attempt on the part of the enemy to break back
north across the Rufiji river.

THE RUFIJI FRONT 149

The rest of this chapter now deals only with the doings
of the 3rd Battalion, from the time the 2nd Nigeria
Regiment moved back to Morogoro until the 3rd Battalion
rejoined the Brigade in the Lindi area at a most oppor-
tune moment during the battle of Mahiwa. Though this
is a digression, it forms a most important Unk in the whole
story.

The month of August on the Rufiji was quiet and
comparatively peaceful. The British West India Regi-
ment gradually took over various posts from the 3rd
Battalion. At last, much to the joy of all ranks, that
battalion moved back to Dar-es^Salaam, arriving there
during the second week of September, and embarking
on the " Hong Wan I " on the i8th for Lindi. " Hong
Wan I " is more fully described ia the following chapter.
It is enough, therefore, to say that the 3rd Battalion did
not sufiFer from being more comfortable or the reverse
during their journey roimd the coast than the 4th
Battalion.

Two days later Lindi was reached. Lindi is just 9.
typical African coast town. All such towns really differ
only in size from each other. If I were to write a descrip-
tion of Tripoli, I should also have described Kilwa or
Lindi. The chief buildings are the Boma (fort); the
barracks, prison, and various hospitals. Along the quay
there stands an assortment of European houses of different
shapes and sizes. The town itself stands on the south
side of a creek that runs two or three miles up into the
interior.

On the 2ist the 3rd Battalion marched 14 miles to
Mingoyo, a small European settlement at the top of
the creek. The march to this place was very hot and
trying, as the road led through acres of sisal and deep

150 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

sand. The Lindi force headquarters were at this time
at Mingoyo, which place was very overcrowded and un-
comfortable, so that all were pleased to move on the
following day to Schaedels farm, 2 miles out of Mingoyo,
where a comfortable camp in a plantation was awaiting
the arrival of the battaUon.

The fighting line was only 8 or 9 miles from Schaedels
farm. Here the enemy had made a prolonged stand.
On the 23rd the battalion moved forward to a camp,
which for want of another name is known as C 23,, after
the square on the map in which it happened to be. This
camp was very congested, and to add to other incon-
veniences was under Grerman sheU-fire from a 4.1 naval gun
off the " Konigsberg." Though forty to fifty shells fell
into the camp there were scarcely any casualties, but
the very fact that shells fell into the camp at all greatly
increased the excitement of Ufe generally, and kept all
ranks alert both by day and night. Whilst at this camp
the 3rd Battalion received the first news of the battle of
Beho Chini, which is described at length in the next
chapter. Great was the joy and pride of all Nigerians
at the great doings of their sister battalions of the Brigade,
but the joy was not unmixed with envy of the opportunity
of being able to deliver so great a blow at the Hun. So
far the 3rd Nigeria Regiment had not had a fair chance
of giving back all that they owed the Boche for the
24th January.

In the meantime an attack upon the German position
at Nrunyu was being deUvered by No. IV Colunrn, under
the command of Col. Thomson ; Col. Taylor was the
Column commander, but he was at the time sick and did
not return till the 26th September ; whilst No. Ill Column,
under Gen. O'Grady, made a flanking movement. The

THE RUFIJI FRONT 151

enemy's position was heavily shelled from near Camp
C 23. An infantry attack was attempted through fields
of sisal.i which in itself forms a better obstacle than any
abatis ever thought of. The attack could not be pressed
home, but the enemy could not stand the accuracy of the
British gun fire, and were forced to evacuate their position
at Nnm5m on the night of the 25th-26th September.

The 3rd Battalion now formed part of Col. Taylor's
column. Mtua was now the next immediate objective.
The 3rd BattahoB, with the rest of No. IV Coltmm, passed
through the enemy's lately evacuated position at Nnmyu
without any further opposition. The coimtry in this
neighbourhood was very thick bush. Mtua was entered
at 7.30 p.m. on the 26th. The next day the battalion
moved to the Nongo stream, where they encamped. The
Grermans had now taken up a strong position on the
Nengedi stream.

At daybreak on the 28th No. IV Column left camp, with
the 3rd Battalion leading. After a short distance the
Nigerian advanced guard gained touch with the patrols
of Coltmm III. A Uttle later the vanguard became engaged
with some of the enemy's posts, and drove them in.
This small action had only just occiuxed when Gen.
O'Grady suddenly appeared on the scene, and stated, in
lemguage that uiunistakably had its origin in " that
most distressful country," that this was Colmnn Ill's
battle, and had nothing to do with Column IV. Only
those who have met Gen. O'Grady, of know him by
reputation, will understand that when he sa37s that it is
his battle— well, it is his battle — " enough said." The

1 Sisal has the same appearance as an aloe, but is of taller growth and
much stifier substance. Several blows with, a sharp matchet are required
to sever even one spike. Its commercial value is high, as it is used for
the best rope fibre, etc.

152 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

3rd Battalion were therefore withdrawn from the fight,
and the advance guard was reheved by Column III. The
battaHon remaiaed on the road in reserve, while a big
battle raged about two miles or less ahead. The Kashmiri
Mountain Battery was in action just in front of tte
3rd Nigeria Regiment ; rifle and anachine-gun fire ahead
was very heavy and continuous till about 4.30 p.m.,
when a message came back for support. The 3rd Battalion
immediately moved forward, but by this time the firing
had considerably died down, though to make up for this
it had come on to rain in torrents. Lieut.-Col. Badham,
commanding the 3rd Battahon,'' was shown the position
and the state of affairs, which was more or less as
follows : — ^The Germans had been holding a crescent-
shaped hiU covering the Nengedi water. Gen. O'Grady's
column, consisting of ist/2nd and 3rd/2nd K.A.R., and
Bharatpur Imperial Service Infantry, after having had a
hard fight " and suffered pretty severe casualties, had
gained the crest line, but could not push on along the
level ground beyond. The object of the 3rd Battalion
was to continue the line on O'Grady's right, search for
the (jerman left flank, and, after turning it, drive it back.
The Nigerians now advanced through the densest under-
growth that they had experienced up to date in German
East Africa. It was most difiicult to keep direction,
especially as the guides had run away in the dense bush.
The enemy, by holding their fire, gave the 3rd Battalion
no idea of the he of their position. However, at last the
point of deployment was reached, and the two leading
companies of the 3rd Nigerians were ordered to go forward,
Capt. Armstrong on the left and Lieut. Buchanan-Smith
on the right, and get touch with the enemy. Owing to
the dense nature of the Country it was very hard to keep

THE RUFIJI FRONT 153

the line, with the result that the centre was well forward.
Col. Badham was actually informing the Brigadier of the
position of his battalion when the action started afresh,
and at very close quarters. To judge from the sound the
enemy were round the Nigerians' right rear as well as on
their right flank. On account of the dense bush and the
fact that darkness was setting in, it was difficult at the
time quite to appreciate the situation, but it transpired
that most of the leading company had deployed, followed
by half the second company, when they were not only
fired upon from the front, but also from the extreme right
and right rear. It was therefore necessary that Lieut.
Buchanan-Smith's company should right-form, so as to
conform to the enemy's movements, and be able to meet
this unexpected development. Thus the two leading
companies were more than at right angles to each other
in formation. The movement was well carried out.
The Germans were preparing a coimter-attack upon
O'Grady, and had no idea of the presence of the
3rd Battalion. Just before this Counter-attack was
launched the leading half company of Nigerians walked
right into the surprised Germans. This wedge had been
driven into the enemy's troops when they were awaiting
the order to advance to the counter-attack. So taken
aback were the Germans that the^ counter-attack was
completely broken up, anlj the troops dispersed all over
the bush. At 7.30 p.m. the enemy's bugles were heard
from all quarters, soxmding what was presumed to be
the " assembly " or " rally," in order to collect all the
scattered parties. Amongst other calls that sounded
that evening was the regimental call of the Royal DubUn
Fusiliers, but how the German native buglers had ever
got hold of this call will remain a mystery to the Nigerians

154 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

till the Day of Judgment. Both Capt. Armstrong and
Lieut. Buchanan-Smith were wounded whilst leading
their companies in this action, together with three other
officers, whilst twenty-five rank and file of these two
companies were either killed or wounded. These casual-
ties were very Ught when taking dnto account the extra-
ordinarily close range and the density of the enemy's
fire, doubtlessly the failing Ught saved these two com-
panies from many more casualties. It is also thought
that the bursting in of these two companies, in this wedge
formation, on a prepared countefr-attack, greatiy upset
the morale oj the enemy's troops, who were " rattled,"
and consequently their fire was inclined to be wild, and
was not carefully controlled.

The Nigerians " dug in " for the night of the 27th-28th
on the same ground that they had gained.

The following day was spent in clearing up the battle-
field and burying the dead. The only excitement that
broke the monotony of the 28th was the return of the
German, Sprockhoff, who had arrived in the British lines
with a white flag of truce shortly before this action. A
regular " Brock's benefit " was indulged in by all, coi^-
mencing about a quarter of an hour before he was sent
back to the German lines. Every gun, machine-gun,
Lewis gun, and rifle was discharged with the greatest
rapidity, to the utter astonishment of the Hun, who
expected every moment to be attacked. Suddenly every
gun and rifle ceased firing as Sprockhoff emerged from the
British line with a cloth over his eyes, and commenced to
walk the hundred yards that separated the opposing sides.
Unluckily the practical joke was a little spoilt by some
" kiU-joy " Boche putting his face above the parapet when
Sprockhoff was only a short distance from his own lines, or

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THE RUFIJI FRONT 155

he might have walked right on to a friendly bayonet
point that was awaiting the arrival of the supposed
British attack, as he stepped over the German parapet.
At 6.30 a.m. on the 30th September the 3rd Battalion
marched off to a point that had been dictated to them
on a map. , Owing to a guide not materiaUzihg, two hours
were lost in getting on to the right track. Two roads
led to the objective ; the 3rd BattaUon were to advance
by the right of the two tracks, whilst the 3/2 King's
African Rifles proceeded along the left track, or the
trolly line. The two battalions were to keep touch with
each other throughout the operation. The delay of the
3rd BattaUon was unfortunate, as the K.A.Rs. got ahead,
and came into action before the Nigerians could co-operate
on the right against the German's left. As so frequently
occurred in the East African campaign, the map in no
way showed the coimtry of which it was reputed to be a
picture. Except for the fact that some of the names
occurred on the map that were known to exist in reality,
there were no other points in common between the map
and the country. A nice map of Switzerland with a few
East African names upon it would have been just jab«)ut
as useful. The map in question was a " Missionary "
map, and the absence of veracity on the part of the map
was merely a reflection of a similar trait noticeable
among those of Germaji persuasion who gave the map its
name ! Tlie order of the companies as they finally
arrived upon the road was No. 10 Company, under Capt,
Robinson, advance guard ; Nos. 12 and 9 Companies,
Capt. Ambrose and Lieut. Southby respectively, main
body ; half No. 11 Company climbed Chirumaka Hill in
order to watch the right flank ; one section of this com-
pany acted as connecting files between the Nigerians and

156 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

the K.A.Rs., whilst the remaining section of this company
stayed in camp in charge of the transport.

At 10 a.m. the advance guard got in touch with the
enemy's patrols, which they drove in, and an hour later
the advance guard was heavily engaged.

The enemy was strongly holding all the approaches to
the Nyengedi stream. The coxmtry was chiefly composed
of thick bush, with here and there a farm clearing. Thus
all extended order movements were difficult and most
irksome. About a mile and a half beyond, where the
advance guard had first gained touch with the enemy,
they were finally held up, and a line of hasty entrench-,
ments were dug. Lieutenant Sutherland-Brown and Capt.
Carson were sent forward with two sections of No. 12
Company in order to reinforce the advance guard line.
In the meantime the main body in the rear dug in a
strong defensive line. The firing now became very
heavy in front, and the advance guard suffered heavy
casualties. They fought with the greatest gallantry and
held on to their position in spite of everj^thing that the
enemy did to drive them out of it. The Hausa and the
pagan Afikpo district carriers did excellent work diuing
this fight by keeping the advance guard supplied
with ammunition and water, showing the greatest con-
tempt for danger throughout the day. With the advance
guard the ammunition began to run short owing to the
necessity of keeping as big a reserve as possible in hand
for the main position. Owing to this fact, and that the
casualties incurred by the advance guard were very heavy,
their position began to get very serious. Capt. Robinson
now had to think of withdrawing his company, and this
retirement was accelerated by thfe Germans commencing
to shell their position with some accuracy, and at the

THE RUFIJI FRONT 167

same time attempting to turn their right flank. Capt.
Robinson therefore stated his views to the CO., but
whilst he was at the telephone at 1.30 p.m. he was hit.
He immediately ordered the withdrawal to commence.

The retirement was carried out with the remnants of
No. 10 QompEiny in single file along the narrow bush
path — the only line that could be taken owing to the
denseness of the bush. The last to retire was Capt.
Robinson, sitting on the back of his orderly, Pte. Afolabi
Ibadan, whilst the bugler carried the orderly's rifle and
kit. Company Sergt.-Major Sumanu deliberately following
in the rear of his woimded captain so as to shield him
with his own body. He was hit on the way back, so the
bugler had to stop behind to help the sergeant-major,
with the result that he himself got hit in turn. For this
action Capt. Robinson's orderly, Pte. Afolabi, was decor-
ated with the Military Medal, and the company sergeant-
major was mentioned in dispatches. Eye-witnesses of
this retirement by No. 10 Company described it as being
as fine a sight as any soldier could wish to see. The men,
in single file, walked steadily back along the road that
gradually rose all the way to the main position. Not-
withstanding the fact that the enemy were sniping the
road, and the men were getting knocked out aU the time,
there was not the least confusion. The men themselves
were full of fight, and kept on turning round in order to
shout " terms of endearment " at the Huns. On reach-
ing the main body every European of the advance guard,
except one, had been made a casualty. The remnants of
No. 10 Company, and the two sections of No. 12 Company
that had supported them, after having been given as
much water and ammunition as could be spared, took
their place in the firing Une, which had already been dug

158 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

for them. The Germans now made two determined
efforts to turn the right of this position, but both were
finally repulsed by No. 9 Company. Lieut. Southby,
for his most excellent work and gallantry on this day,
was later awarded a very well-earned Mihtary Cross.
The Germans, finding they could not turn the right,
deKvered a continuous frontal attack up the road, but
were heavily repulsed. Owing to the fact that the
3rd Battalion had by this time a certain amount rf cover,
they suffered fewer casualties in the afternoon than they
had in the morning when their advance guard had been
fighting only in the open, but even so Capt. Collins, their
adjutant, was badly wounded, whilst one other of&cer
was killed and another wounded. This fight had been
one of individual initiative, and several very conspicuous
acts of gallantry occurred, two of which are here recorded.
The first was the case of two recruits who had joined the
3rd Battalion at Morogoro on 17th September. They
asked leave " to go over the top " and shoot some German
Europeans who were beUeved to be collected round
a machine-gun on the road. At the time all was quiet
in front. Leave being granted, out they went through
the bush till they came close to their objective, into
which they emptied their magazines at point-blank range,
eventually returning unscathed. They claimed to have
shot several Europeans, but whether this was the case
or not, their example had the best possible effect upon
their comrades, more especially on the old soldiers, who
could not think of being outdone by recruits.

The second case was that of an enlisted gun-carrier
named Abudu Dinga, who had spent the whole moraing
passing backwards and forwards along the bullet-swept
road, quite regardless of danger, to the advance guard

THE RUFIJI FRONT 159

line with water and ammmnition. In the evening, when
food and water had to be sent out to the top of Chiru-
inaka Hill for the detachment four miles distant, Abudu
Dinga volunteered for the job, in spite of the fact that he
had been working hard all day in the extreme heat and
constantly under fire.

The action was broken off about 6.45 p.m. On check-
ing the ammunition, it was found that the men averaged
only fifteen roiinds each, whilst there were only two belts
left to each machine-gun, and four drums to each Lewis
gun. But the Germans had had enough, and they
retired across the Nyengedi, sadder but wiser men, after
a pleasant day spent with the Nigerians. The Nigerians'
method of fighting was not understood at all by the Him.
At a later date a German officer personally asked one of
the Intelligence Department who were these new Askaris
that had arrived, for they neither advanced nor retired,
but just sat down tight and defied anyone to move them.
This method of fighting was most particularly brought
out at Bweho CMni, in this fight at the Nyengedi stream,
and again later at Mahiwa. At 9 p.m. the 1/2 King's
African Rifles arrived in support of the 3rd Battalion.
The night was quiet except for an outburst of firing at a
Nigerian bfearer party that had gone out to bring in the
wounded. The first meal of the day was partaken of at
10.30 p.m. ; for the Eurppeans it was tea and various
tinned foods provided by the CO., whose cook box had
arrived at the firing line ; and for the men it was rice
and bully beef.

Gen. O'Grady arrived early on the ist October. When
walking round the position he remarked that the men did
not seem the least bit " rattled," which, from a leader of
his calibre, was more than just a complunentary remark.

160 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Once again I am forced to put upon record the un-
chivalrous doings of the enemy on this day. Early on
the 1st, bearer parties had been sent out to bring in the
dead and wounded. It was found that both had been
stripped of all their clothing, whilst one dead officer had
been robbed of his ring and identity disc. Should this ever
be read by the friends of any officers who were killed in
this day's action, it will be some httle recompense to
them to know that- the Nigerian Brigade, at a later date,
took heavy toll in exchange for these acts of " Kultur."

During the ist October the 3rd Nigerian Regiment
marched back to a camp on the Lukuledi river after six
days spent in the bush. ^

In this action the enemy had employed six or seven
companies, that is to Say, about 750 men, against the
advance guard of the 3rd Battalion, who numbered at
most 180 men. The strength of the whole 3rd Nigeria
Regiment was not more than 400 rank and file. The
casualties in the 3rd Battalion in this action were regret-
tably high, consisting of three officers kiUed and nine ,
other European? wounded, and ninety-eight rank and
file kUled and wounded.

In the actions of Nyengedi and Nengidi the enemy
had been dislodged from two successive strong positions,
and in both actions the 3rd Nigeria Regiment had played
a most important part. On the 2nd October the
3rd BattaHon rejoined Column IV at a most congested
camp near the scene of the Nengidi fight. On 6th October
there was a good deal of shelling on both sides, but neither
side seriously damaged the other. This was continued
on the following day. On 8th October a German patrol
managed to fire about a hundred rounds into the anununi-
tion dump, having got round to three miles in rear of the

THE RUFIJI FRONT 161

whole of Column III and a certain portion of Column IV.
One bullet actually was alleged to "have entered the
Coliunn Commander, Col. Taylor's, hut. On this date
the 3rd Nigeria Regiment left Column IV and proceeded
to Chirumaka, and there formed with the 6ist Pioneers,
the " Reserve Column." This was rather a misnomer as
the battaUon was abreast of Column III and No. 11 Com-
pany held a ridge on the west of the Nyengedi, which was
more advanced than any other post in the force.

On loth October patrol encoimters were numerous, and
a section of No. 12 Company of the 3rd Nigeria Regiment
had a small brush with the enemy during the morning.
At I p.m! quit:e a number of shots were exchanged at
the British watering-place, but little damage was done.
On 12th and 13th October the British gims shelled the
Grerman position at Mtama. This bombardment was
very pretty to watch, as shells were seen bursting all
over the Mtama HiU. The Germans returned the fire
with a few rounds from their 4.1 gtms and 4-inch howitzers,
but to no purpose, and they were finally forced to fall
back from their Mtama position without a decisive fight
— ^which position was occupied by the British on the
I4th-i5th October, the 3rd Nigeria Regiment moving into
Mtama on the later date.

II

CHAPTER X

THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN THE KILWA AREA

ON the return of the 4th Battalion to Morogoro
they found a large draft of over 150 men await-
ing them under the cormnand of Major Gibb.
Major Gibb arrived at Dar-es-Salaam from Nigeria on
the 30th May 1917 with the European and native rein-
forcements for the Brigade. The men he had brought
round were excellent material, and did very good work
in the heavy fighting later in the Kilwa and Lindi areas.
The Gambia Company, under the command of Capt.
Law, M.C., arrived at the same time from the Gambia
via Sierra Leone, together with a large munber of carriers
from Nigeria and Sierra Leone. The opportunity was
taken, when at Morogoro, to put Etiropeans and natives
through various courses of machine and Lewis gun,
Stokes gun, and bombing. Many native soldiers were
foimd to be very useful as bomb throwers.

On the and August the ist Nigeria Regiment was
ordered to entrain for Dodoma, and from there take up
the pursuit of Naimiann, who at that time was reported
to be moving south. However, after a short period this
battaUon was recalled, as orders were issued, during the
second week in August, for the Nigerian Brigade, less
the 3rd Battalion, to concentrate at KUwar. On the
loth August the 2nd Nigeria Regiment left Mp^gas
/ for Morogoro, their posts being taken over by the

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 163

3rd BattaKon. This battalion had just completed eight
months in the Rtifiji area. After six days at Morogoro,
spent in refitting, they entrained for Dar-es-Salaam.
Here the men were all advanced a pound each, and the
three days before embarking were spent in shopping and
other forms of amusement. The men thoroughly en-
joyed these few days of relaxation, but it was unfortunate
that the 2nd BattaUon could not have spent a few more
da37s resting in this way before embarking. For a few
daj^ in August there was a great gathering of Nigerians
in Dar-es-Salaam, and a few cheerful evenings were
indulged in at the Burger Hotel and the Roumanian Ca.i6,
where the Scottish element made itself heard in the shape
of ultra-Scotch songs. A wonderful people, the Scots !
If any nation has earned for itself the motto " Ubique,"
the Scottish race should have it. In my many wanderings
roimd the earth I have always foimd that where two or
three white men are gathered together, there is a Scots-
man in their midst !

The 4th Nigeria Regiment, the Nigerian Battery, the
Gambia Company, the West African Field Ambulance,
a section of the 300th Field Ambulance, and the Nigerian
Brigade Headquarters embarked on the s.s. " Hong
Wan I " at Dar-es-Salaam. The " Hong Wan I " — ^more
commonly called "the One Lung," was a Chinese-owned
ship, and was therefore no ordinary vessel. " One Lung "
she was to aH who knew her and who wished to be polite
to her, but I fear she suffered from every disease that a
ship could suffer from. It is hardly fair to laugh at her,
for she is, or was forty years ago, the pride of the City
Line, when she was then known as the " City of Edin-
burgh." She was then one of the fastest and finest
ships afloat, but now — ! Dar-es-Salaam to Kilwa by an

164 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

ordinary ship is only a few hours' run down the coast ;
by the " One Lung " it developed into a three-day
voyage. As she was only victualled for a short run,
food and drink became a little short before the journey's
end. To add to other discomforts of overcrowding, short
rations, etc., she was inclined to be " lively," so that all
and sundry had something to do in their spare time for
several days after disembarking. For some reason or
other she used to carry in her bows two pigs. No doubt
they were the pets of some Chinese member of the crew,
as they were never kiUed" and put to their best use on
the table, for food was at all times scarce and uninterest-
ing, consisting mostly of tinned beef. The " pets " were
encouraged to sing the overcrowded passengers to sleep
in the afternoon, when they were wont to quarrel over
the rations served out to them by their Chinese master.
This, added to the crowing of a cock that nearly met a
violent death many times upon the voyage, rendered
sleep often difficult. The " Hong Wan I " was not all a
bed of roses, as my reader has doubtlessly discovered by
this time, but we must not laugh at her, for she is now an
old lady of the sea, though by her behaviour she some-
times made one forget the fact. But in her old age she
has done her bit on the East Coast of Africa to damn the
Potsdam crowd.

From Kilwa-Kisiwani, the anchorage, to Kilwa town
is an easy two-da}^' march. The troops from " Hong
Wan I " arrived at Redhill or Ssingino — ^a camp near to
Kilwa — on the 26th August. The ist Battalion arrived
a few days later, and the 2nd Battalion arrived on
3rd September. This completed the concentration of
the Nigerian Brigade, with the exception of the
3rd Battalion, whose doings have already been described

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 165

in the previous chapter. The first week of September
was employed by the Nigerian Brigade in field training.
The coimtry rotmd Kilwa readily lends itself to practising
infantry manoeuvres, being open and very undulating.
On 8th September the Brigade commenced its march
to the front, which was destined not to come to an end
till some miles south of the Rovuma river, three months
later. Little did any of us realize what was before us
as we marched away from RedhiU Camp. On the whole
we had enjoyed our few days' rest at Kilwa. It was nice
to be altogether once again, and we had aU made the
best of the opportunity of enjojdng Ufe. In the Kilwa
area the Nigerian for the first time had a chance to become
acquainted with his brother of the East, with the result
that the Nigerians became fast friends with the " Hapana "
soldier, as he was usually known to the Nigerian Brigade.
When a patrol of Nigerians met a patrol of King's African
Rifles they would always greet each other by the Nigerians
saying " Jambo ! " which in Swahili means " Cheerio,"
or " Good morning," and being answered by the term
of endearment " Yum3mm ! " which being interpreted
means " cannibal ! " The SwahiHes, to the very end,
always thought the Nigerian soldiers were man-eaters,,
but this never gave offence, but was looked upon as a
huge joke and rather after the nature of a complimept by
the light-hearted sons of the West. To the Nigerians
the Swahih race generally were either known as
" Hapjinas " or " Jambos," the former word being the
Swahili for " No," which was about the first Swahili word
picked up by the average Nigerian.

The Nigerian Battery, the ist, 2nd, and 4th Nigeria
Regiments, the Gambia Company, the Nigerian Pioneer
section, the Nigerian Stokes gun section, the Nigerian

166 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Signal section, and the two field ambulances, together
with a supply and ammunition colimin, had concen-
trated at Mssindyi, the temporary headquarters of Gen.
Hannyngton, by the 17th September. Mssindyi itself
was an uninviting spot set in the bush 80 miles from
Kilwa, and reached after five hot and dusty days' marching
along the newly-cut motor road. A few days before the
arrival of the Nigerian Brigade the Commander-in-Chief,
Gen. van Deventer, had arrived at Mssindyi, and had
there established his headquarters.

On the 15th September two sections of the 4th Nigeria
Regiment with two Lewis gims, under the command of
Lieut. Griffiths, left for a few days' patrol duty to Luale,
in search of water for a brigade camp.- On the 12th Sep-
tember a big draft of 1800 recruits arrived at Dar-es-Salaam
from Nigeria. A thousand of these were now ordered
to join the Brigade immediately, as they were urgently
required to act as carriers in the forthcoming offensive.
On i6th September news reached the Brigade that
Naumann had sust^ileed a bad defeat at the hands of
the Cape Corps, imder the command of Col. Dyke, and
that about half the German column had been forced to
smrender. The Commander-in-Chief inspected the
Brigade on the 17th. On the following day the advance
was commenced. The enemy were strongly entrenched
at Mihambia and Ndessa, barring our advance by the
main road, and covering the only reliable water holes
in that immedi^e neighbourhood. The object of the
operations was to drive the enemy from their position,
and at the same time cut off their line of retreat to the
south and east by a wide flanking movement, which was
to be undertaken by the Nigerian Brigade.

Scarcity of water was the great problem, but a small

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 167

supply was reported by Lieut. Griffiths at Luale Kati,
some 20 miles south of Mssind}^.

On i8th September the Brigade concentrated at
Msuras. The following day was timed to be the first
day of the offensive, which was destined to continue till
the end of the campaign in German territory. It was
now decided that a Nigerian Column, consisting of the
Brigade Headquarters, the ist and 2nd Nigeria Regi-
ments, and the Signalling section, should advance to
Luale Kati at dawn on the 19th. The 4th Nigeria
Regiment with the remainder of the Brigade, with all
the loads and baggage, was to follow as soon as the water
supply was assured, and when the road had been cleared
to enable the supply cars to get through.

The 4th Battalion moved into the Msuras fort on the
evening of the i8th, having taken over from a detach-
ment of King's African Rifles. The ist and 2nd Nigeria
Regiments moved forward en route for Luale early on the
19th. Heavy gtm fire was heard by the garrison of the
Msuras fort during the morning of the 20th, which lasted
for about five hours.

At 6.30 p.m. the 4th Battalion of the Nigerian Battery,
with all supply and ammimition columns, proceeded to
Luale. The 25th Indian Cavalry moved forward an
hour earlier. Both Gen. Hann37ngton's No. I and II
Colimms were in action during this day. The night was
very dark and the column was extremely long. The
night march that followed was therefore slow and tedious.
About 1.30 a.m. a sharp engagement was heard to be in
progress in the neighbom-hood of the Lungo-Ldedda road.
The head of the column reached Luale at 6 a.m., after
having completed a very trying march.

Most of the 1st and 3rd Nigerians had moved forward

168 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

from Luale before the arrival of the supply column ; aad
the remainder of the ist Nigeria Regiment followed, as
soon as the 4th Nigeria Re^ment had taken over the
picquets and wireless station that had been established
at Luale.

The 1st and 2nd Battalions caaiped for the night of
the 2ist-22ttd at Luale Chini, in a wild and desolate
cluster of hills, overlooking some miserable watef holes
filled with water that appeared to be a cross between
pea-soup and ink. When at Luale Chini everything
possible was done to avoid the detection of the enemy,
who were now retiring before the pressure of Columns I
and II. The Nigmaais were threatening their main line
of retreat south.

The enemy had^ as they always had, the great advan-
tage of knowing the country, whereas the guides with the
Nigerian Column were imreliable. Everything depended
upon the Nigerians being in the right place, i.e. well
across the <Jerman line of retreat, at the right time, so
as to be able to offer battle before they could decide on
another line of retreat — ^not an easy piece of tactics to
bring off in a wilderness of unknown bush.

The Battle of Bweho-Chini

At dawn on the 22nd the 'column moved off from Luale
Chini, the ist Nigeriaas leading. To quote from the
Intelligence Officer's report of the action : "It was a
steamy, misty morning, and the start was greatly delayed
by the difficulty of extracting the different units from the ,
tangle of kopjes, bush, and elephamt grass in which they
had taken up position overnight." By 8.30 a.m. the
leading company of the ist Nigeria Regiment was about

^v^

Diagram -Sketch -Map

OF THE B/tHLE OF

BwehoChini.

250 Yds.

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 169

two nules from the village of Bweho-Chini, where it
became engaged with what subsequently timied out to
be a strong enemy's picquet. The enemy were driven
out after a short engagement, and at 9.30 a.m. the advance
guard entered Bweho-Chini. It was merely a farm hamlet
with a few scattered huts, but through it ran a number of
tracks, along which it was hoped some pibportion at
least of the enemy's forces would retreat, as it was on
their most direct line of retreat south, and water existed
farther along the road.

Hie Brigadier was left quite in the dajk as to the
enemy's movements, owing to the field telegraph line,
back along his line of communication, having been cut
during the night. Further, he had no idea of the where-
abouts of other British Columns, or of their abiUty to
co-operate with him, in the event of the Nigerian
Colimm becoming engaged with the main body of the
enemy.

At 10 a.m. the ist Battalion was concentrated in the
neighbourhood of Bweho-Chini, where breakfast was
cooked. After an hour's halt this battalion received
orders to move back along the road by which they had
just arrived for a short distance. They moved out of
the village as the 2nd Battalion moved in. The
1st Battahon then proceeded to dig in lying trenches
facing north and north-east. The front taken up by
this battahon was rather congested owing to the shortness
of the front allotted to them. In the meantime, after
the and Battalion had had their breakfast, they com-
m^Ked to dig in facing east and west, whilst No. 5 Com-
pany was kept in support. The 2nd Battalion front was
very extended, so much so that the south face was not
occupied except at the south-east comer, no trenches

170 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

were dug to fill the gap between the east and west izces
of the perimeter on the south.

Gen. Cunliffe gave out that it was his intention to
attack the enemy at Mawerenye. Shortly before noon
aU companies were ordered to cease digging defences
and to form up into close formation. By noon both
battalions were drawn up awaiting orders to move out
to the attack. In the meantime a party, imder Lieut.
Hobson, had moved out along the Bweho-Kati road
with all the baggage of both battalions. His orders were
to hand over this baggage to the 4th Battalion, that were
thought to be at this village on this day. A picquet
had been sent out along the Bweho Ju road early in the
day.

Soon after midday Lieut. Hobson returned with a
German European, three Askaiis, and forty loads of
ammunition, of which six were .303. These six boxes
came in most useful before the end of the day; he
reported that the 4th BattaUon were not at Bweho-Kati,
as that place was occupied by a big German hospital.
Not long before this ofi&cer returned another European
had been brought in by the picquet on the Bweho Ju
road. The fact that both Eiu-opeans were making their
way towards Mawerenye, when taken prisoners, was
proof enough that the enemy waa still at that place,
while documents found on the white prisoners gave
conclusive evidence that the proposed line of retreat
to the south was through Bweho-Chini itself. When
this fact was proved Beyond doubt, the G.O.C. gave up
the idea of making an attack upon the enemy's position
at Mawerenye. All the troops were therefore instructed
to return to their places in the perimeter and continue
improving their defences.

NIGERIAN BEIGADE IN KILWA AREA 171

In order to clear up the situation two companies of
the 1st Battalion, under Capts. Pring and Stretton, were
ordered to move out along the Mawerenye road in order to
to make a reconnaissance. It was 12.30 p.m. when
these two companies moved out. Soon after this the
reconnoitring party had left the perimeter, an aeroplane
flew over the British position and dropped a message
at the Brigade Headquarters. No sooner had this
happened than Capts. Pring and Stretton became heavily
engaged about 700 yards from the main perimeter.
Some people who were present think that the Germjins
opened fire upon the aeroplane, but this is doubtful.
In any case the volxmie of fire was so great that everyone
realized at once that they were being opposed by a very
strong force. In fact it was afterwards learnt that the
German strength at Bweho-Chini was 6 single and 2
double companies, in £ill about iioo men, with 20 to
25 machine-gims, and over 100 Exiropeans.

The Germans were heard to sound the charge on their
bugles. Immediately afterwards the two ist Battahon
companies were almost enveloped. There is Uttle doubt
that the Germans were not in the least aware of the fact,
when they first commenced the attack, that two battalions
were blocking their main line of retreat. They attacked
imder the impression that they were oppposing a recon-
naissance-in-force, consisting of one or two companies.
They had been warned early on the 22nd that a force of
this strength was in the neighbourhood by the small action
of that morning, when their picquet had been driven in.

The two 1st Battcilion companies fixed bayonets and
met the German charge with a heavy bmst of fire. The
German onslaught was in this way momentarily checked,
but these two companies were practically surrounded.

172 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

A most one-sided fi^t now ensued. The tvro Nigerian
companies were attacked on all sides by a numerically
much stronger fosce, but for all that they held their own
most gallantly, and gradually fell back upon the main
Nigerian poation. This action of these two isolated
comjeLnies was one of the finest pieces of fighting that
ever occurred in the Brigade throughout the whole of
the campaign. Every man fought like a Trojan, the
most perfect discipline being maintained throughout the
action. They eventually regained their original position
in the line, but not before ttey had suffered very heavy
casualties. The attack upon these companies com-
menced at I p.m. The first attack upon the main
perimeter was delivered against the ist Battahon from
the east, and gradually worked roimd to No. 7 Company
on the west.

No. 8 Company of the 2nd Battalion, tmder the com-
mand of Capt. Fowle, was very heavily engaged within
half an hour of the commencement of the fight, and as
their left was in the air, Capt. Gardner, commanding
No. 5 Company, then in reserve, was asked to prolong
No. 8 Company's line to the left with half a company.
In the meantime the O.C. 2nd Battalion, reahzmg the
dan^r of having the south face of the perimeter left
open and unguarded by troops, had ordered half No. 5
Company, with one machine-gun and one Lewis gun,
under Lieut. Studley, to ipove to poation " B " on the
diagram sketch, and there dig in facing south. No
sooner was this compdeted than lieut. Studley received
orders to move up to Capt. Fowle's left, marked in the
diagram as " D," so once again the south face was left
with an ugly gap in it.

By 3 p.m. the Germans were attacking finiously from

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 173

the north, north-west, and east, and had commenced to
feel round the other sides of the perimeter for a weak
place. At 3.30 p.m. Sergt. Maifundi Shua^ the native
sergeant commanding No. 3 section of No. 5 Company,
seeing a small party of the enemy, under two German
Europeaiis, actually in the act of feeling for a weak spot
in the jmimeter, ordered his section to charge with fixed
bayonets. In this charge the gallant native was severely
woimded, but not before he had buried his bay^et a
foot deep in oine of the Europeans. This sergeant had
several times before showed the greatest devotion to
duty. The Mihtary Medal which he received after this
battle was most deservedly won.

By 4 p.m. the enemy completely encircled the Nigerians
and were attacking from the south with the greatest
determination, having very rightly decided this to be
the weak side of the perimeter. This attack was sup-
ported by three machine-guns, the firing of which was
chiefly directed upon a big white tree at " D."

Just before the attack had developed Lieut. Studley
was once again moved. This time he was ordered to
bring a machine-gun and one section to " D," and there
deploy in the open, no trenches having been dug in this
part of the line. Capt. Gardner brought his remaining
half company from " A " to the trenches lately dug by
Lieut. Studlejy at " B." Thus the whole of No. 5 Com-
pany, with the exception of one section stiU at " C," now
faced south.

The Germans kept on reinforcing the troops attacking
the south face of the perimeter, where without doubt
they hoped to break through, but they were just too late
to accomplish this, for No. 5 Company, having got into
position in the nick of time, were prepared to resist Ihe

174 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

attack. The enemy, at last finding it impossible to
break through, contented themselves with keeping up a
terribly heavy fire against the troops lying in the open
near tree " D." This tree offered a splendid aiming mark
for the enemy, who with " combined sights " searched to
the right and left of this mark. The casualties to No. 5
Company were now thirty-three, of which one European
was killed and another wounded. These casualties
mostly occurred in one hour's fighting. Simultaneously
with the attack on No. 5 Company, No. 6 was also heavily
engaged near the T)ig tree " F " by a German force
operating from the south-east. This company also
suffered heavily, receiving eighteen casualties in less than
half an hour.

The Germans pressed their attack with the greatest
bravery, not seeming to trouble what casualties they
incurred, but the Nigerian troops never moved from their
position. It was by far the heaviest firing any Nigerians
had ever been called upon to face up to date ; further, it
was their first experience of this kind of fighting.

At one time matters began to look pretty bad, as
ammunition was rapidly running short. At the end of
the fight about twenty-five roimds per man was aH that
was left, all reserves having been used up.

The enemy seemed to have vmhmited ammunition, and
a preponderance of machine-gunsi which they worked
with the greatest skill, moving up to within 60 yards of
the Nigerians' perimeter in some places. However, their
shooting was very high, or the Nigerian casualties would
have been far heavier. One great lesson was driven
home to the Nigerians in this action, and that was the
great danger of depending on lying trenches ; a very large
proportion of casualties ^ere caused by reverse fire. At

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 175

Bweho-Chini everyone made up their mind that in future
kneeling trenches would always be dug, with a high
parados tp stop reverse fire. The fighting continued
with varying intensity up to 8 p.m. During this time
the German bugles were constantly heard soimding the
rally and charge. At 8 p.m. there was a lull in the
fighting, lasting up till 9.15 p.m.

The defenders took the opporttmity offered them by
the luU to improve their defences. Many of the local
carriers, as usual, had bolted during the day, preferring
the chance of getting shot when leaving the perimeter
to car^ong ammimition from the quartermaster's dumps
to the different parts of the firing line. Those carriers
that remained in the perimeter were now collected and
placed under cover. The dressing station, marked " E "
on the sketch, had suffered badly dming the day, being
in a very exposed position, and so an attempt was made,
under cover of darkness, to improve the cover around it.

At 9.15 p.m. the enemy recommenced their attack.
This night attack continued till 11.50 p.m. At first they
had the dim hght of a young moon to guide them, though
later the opposing sides fought in inky darkness, but the
sting had gone out of the attack. The enemy's Askaris,
primed with raw alcohol, and fighting with immense dash
and determination, began to falter, though unceasingly
tu-ged to the attack by their European N.C.Os., many of
whom. were seen flogging them unmercifully with sjam-
boks and rifle butts. By midnight the firing had died
down, and the enemy withdrew the remnants of his force,
and contented himself for the rest of the night with a
certain amount of sniping, while the Nigerian Ustening
posts could clearly hear the enemy busily engaged in
removing their wounded and burying their dead. The

176 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

dawn broke without any further attack being made ;
the enemy having failed in his attempt ta break through,
now found themselves threatened in the rear by Gen.
Hannyngton's columns. They therefore split up into
two small parties, abandoned considerable quantities of
stores and anmaunition, and made the best of their way
south to Nahungu, which place lay on their previously-
arranged line of retreat. On the night of the 22nd-
23rd September, Lieut. Trengrouse of the 4tlvBattaUon
had tried to get through to the ist and 2nd Battalions
from Laale with medical stores and a detachment of the
300th Field AmbulaJtice, but to his surprise, on approach-
ing Bweho-Kati he found a German camp on the road,
which put an end to his attempt to get there. A wire
Unesman was sent out the same evening to repair the
telegraph line to Bweho-Chini. He found the place where
the Germans had cut the wire, and repaired it, only to
find it was cut at some other place as well. He attempted
to find the second break when he came upon a German
patrol. He was pursued half the night before he finally
got clear away.

Unfortunately, as only too often happens in East
Africa, the German troops had not behaved well. It is
true that most of the Askaris were excited with drink,
as water bottles picked up after the fight contained strong
hquor. This might account for a certain amount of their
barbarism, but the Europeans should have tried to hold
the natives in check. The following quotation is from
the Cape Times of 2nd March 1918 : " Renter's agent
learns that Gen. Sir Jacobus van Deventer, commanding
in East Africa, has officially brought to the knowledge of
the German Ex-Governor the following outrages conmiitted
by German troops : After the fight at Bweho-Chini on

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 177

22nd September, when the ground on which they had
been fighting, and which had been occupied by German
troops, was regained by our troops, the bodies of two
officers who had been left on the groimd wounded, and
had so fallen into the hands of the German troops, were
found stripped, and there could be no doubt that these
two officers had been murdered. The original wotmds
which disabled these officers were in one case in the arm
and ia the other in the leg. When their bodies were
fotmd the head in one case had been smashed by a blow
with some blunt instrument, eind in the other a rifle had
been fired through the neck with the muzzle almost
touching. There could be no doubt whatever that in
these cases the officers had been foully murdered by
German troopsi."

Both the officers referred to above belonged to the two
companies of the ist BattaJion that had had to fight their
way back to the perimeter early in the fight of Bweho-
Chini. However, this most regrettable incident is only
typical of the general behaviour meted out to British
troops, if imfortimate enough to fall into German hands.
In this action sixteen German Europeans and eighty-seven
Askaris were actually buried by the British, whilst three
Europeans and three Askaris were taken prisoners.
After a fight with German troops, either in East Africa
or the Cameroons, it was most unusual to find any dead
German A^caris, still less was one likely to find any
Europeans left behind on the battle ground, as it was a
point of honour with them to always remove their own
dead. The fact of finding so many dead at Bweho-
Chini proves that their losses there must have been most
severe. From later information it was estimated that*
the Germans lost about forty Europeans killed, woimded
12

178 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

and prisoners, and at least three hundred native rank and
file casualties.

The 1st and 2nd Nigeria Regiments' casualties were lo
Europeans, and 124 rank and file killed, wounded, and
missing. The officers killed in this action were Capt.
Higgins, Lieuts. Jose, Stephenson,, and Oliver.

The Commander-in-Chief granted the following awards
in the field for this action : Lieut.-Col. Uniacke, com-
manding the 2nd Nigeria Regiment, the D.S.O. ; Capt.
Gardner, 2nd Nigeria Regiment, a bar to his Military
Cross ; Capts. Waters and Bumey and Lieut. Studley,
the Military Cross ; Sergts. Tanti and Badger, the D.C.M.,
and fom: native rank and file were awarded the Military
Medal. This long list of awards wiU show the reader
what great importance was put upon the action by the
General Headquarters Staff.

This battle of Bweho-Chini finally established the name
of the Nigeria Regiment in East Africa as being a first-
class fighting imit. A woimded German officer in one
of our hospitals once said to a British officer in the next

bed : " We Germans don't mind Regiment in the

least, but we respect the men who wear green caps, and
we take no liberties with them." Both the Nigeria
Regiment and the Gold Coast Regiment wear green caps.
One's enemies should be the best judge of these matters.
During the long battle of Bweho-Chini everyone from
the General downwards took an active part with rifle and
entrenching tool. The men had fought magnificently
throughout this day with a coolness beyond praise.
Scarcity of ammunition, and urgent need of food and
water, rendered pmrsuit impossible. Further, there were
insufficient porters remaining with these battalions even
to carry away the wounded, let alone the supplies that

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 179

would be required to continue the advance. A number
of German stragglers were, however, rounded up by
patrols, while the remainder of the force were engaged in
bmying the dead. All the British were bmied at the
spot marked " cemetery " in the sketch.

On the 24th September a King's African Rifle patrol
from one of the main colimms gained touch with a Nigerian
patrol, and telegraphic communication wels re-established.
Later in the day it was fovmd possible to evacuate the
wounded via Mawerenye, which had by that time been
occupied by the Gold Coast Regiment.

Having biuied the dead, evacuated the wounded, and
destroyed such captured enemy ammunition and stores
as could not be removed, the column moved to Bweho Ju
on the evening of the 24th. The remainder of the Brigade
moved to this place direct from Luale on the sajne day,
having cut a motor track through the bush as they
advanced.

The Battle of Nahungu

Early on the 25th September lieut. Stobart, the
Nigerians' InteUigence Officer, had gone out in order to
investigate the water supply at Nakin river, eight miles
south of Bweho Ju. He, however, was unable to carry
out his personal reconnaissance, as the water holes were
in the hands of the enemy. He was fired upon by a*
German patrol, but was fortunate to be able to get away
with no more serious a loss than one of his Indian escorts
having his horse shot down under him.

At II a.m. lieut.-Col. Sargent left Bweho Ju in com-
mand of the 1st and 4th Nigeria Regiments, in order to

180 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

clear up the situation and take the water holes. By the
evening two companies of the 4th Battalion were within
three miles of the objective. On the 26th the advanceVas
continued to the water holes, the vanguard meeting with
sUght resistance. The enemy, who were,' as far as could
be judged, only three Europeans and twelve Askaris in
number, retired after firing about twenty rounds at " the
point." There were no casualties. *

The 1st and 4th Battalions camped at the Nakin
stream for the night 26th-27th. The advance had been
slow ; at no time had it exceeded more than a mile an
hour. This was due to the very dense nature of the bush
and to the large number of nullahs which had to be
crossed. Gen. Hannyngton's force was heard to be in
action early on the 26th, away to the left of Col. Sargent's
coliunn. During this day half the Nigerian Battery
reinforced Col. Sargent. /

The 27th September was the day ordered for the attack
on the enemy's position at Nahtmgu. The attack was
carried out by three columns. Gen. CunUffe with the
2nd Nigeria Regimpnt, Col. Freith's battalion of the
King's African Rifles, the Nigerian Pioneers, and the
Nigerian Brigade headquarters formed the right column.
One company of the 127th Baluchis later joined this
column. The ist and 4th Nigeria Regiments, and one
section of the Nigerian Battery, under Col. Sargent,
formed the centre column. The Gold Coast Regiment,
.a battalion of King's African Rifles, a section of Indian
Mountain Battery, and a section of Stokes guns, com-
manded by Col. Orr, formed the left colmnn.

AU three columns were to attack simultaneously
Nahungu Hill, where the enemy had taken up a strong
position. The advance was carried out on three con-

NIGERIAN BRIGADE IN KILWA AREA 181

verging roads, commencing early on the morning of the
the 27th.

Col. Orr met with the greatest resistance, whilst the
right was allowed to advance without much opposition.
At 3 p.m. Col. Orr met the enemy in strength, and a
sharp engagement was fought, but Col. Freith's battaKon,
reinforced later by the 2nd Nigeria Regiment on the
right, had by this time made themselves felt, with the
result that the enemy on the left slowly fell back. By
2 p.m. all three columns were in touch with each other,
and were approaching the objective. The action now
became general all along the British front, the enemy
slowly falling back on to their prepared entrenched
position on Nahungu Hill, from which thfey brought into
action two guns against Col. Orr's column. One of these
guns the Indian Moimtain Battery put out of action by
obtaining a direct hit upon its emplacement. The
Nigerian Battery was able to do some useful work against
the enemy's position at a range of 2500 yards. Though
the German position was strong, it was Uable to suffer
from artillery fire, as it was on a very defined hill.

At about 6.30 p.m. the enemy deUvered a strong
counter-attack against Col. Orr, but the Gold Coast
Regiment after a stubborn fight drove them back. The
action continued all along the front till 8 p.m., when the
filing died down, but up to 2.30 a.m. on the 28th the
Germans still kept up an intermittent fire.

The Germans, feeling that they were being opposed
by a strong force, and fearing for the safety of their line
of commimication, retired from Nahtmgu during the
night of the 27th-28th, leaving behind them a field
ambulance containing a number of European and native
wounded.

182 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

The British casualties in this engagement were in^
considerable. The enemy, who were evidently shaken
by the rapidity of our advance, and the severe handling
they had previously received at Bweho-Chini, fell back
without putting up a determined fight.

British reinforcements came up on the 28th, consisting
of four Indian regiments, three battahons of King's
African Rifles, and the 25th Indian Cavalry. The whole
of the Kilwa force was now assembled at Nahungu. The
supply arrangements here were wonderfully carried out.
Within six hours of the enemy retiring a great dump
had commenced to grow, supphes being brought up via
Luale by hundreds of motors. The feeding of such a large
force so far from the base was only overcome by means
of unhmited motor transport, for the use of which the
4th Battalion and the Nigerian Pioneers had cut a wide
track through the bush almost as fast as the columns had
advanced. The staff work generally was exceptionally
good in the Kilwa area.

During the previous ten das^ the whole of the Kilwa
area had been cleared of the enemy, whose forces, with
the exceptions of those in the Mahenge district, were now
all confined to the country south of Mbenkuru river,
which comprised what was known as the Lindi area.
The approach to Lindi itself was best by sea via Kilwa,
owing to the mountainous district that separated the
Kilwa and Lindi areas from each other.

From the 29th September to the 2nd October the
Nigerian Brigade rested at Nahungu. Whilst here the
Brigade received the good news that Naumann had
given himself up with 14 Europeans and 150 Askaris.
We were all glad to hear that Naumann was now at an
end. His capture had been effected by Col. Bre5d:enbach's '

CHAPTER XI

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AREA

ON the 3rd October the march south commenced.
The Nigerian Brigade had been taken over by
lieut.-Col. Mann. D.S.O., owing to Gen. Cimhffe
having been put upon the sick hst. It consisted of the
ist, 2nd, and 4th BattaUons of the Nigeria Regiment,
the Gambia Company, Pioneer section, the Stokes gun
section, a Wireless section. Signal section, 300th Field
Ambulance, a section of the West African Field Ambu-
lance, and supply and ammunition columns. Major
Pretorius, who knew the country well, was attached
to the colimm in the capacity of Chief Intelligence
Of&cer and Guide.

The actual distance from Nahungu to the nearest point
occupied by the lindi force (always known by the
abbreviation of Linforce), was about 80 miles in a direct
line over the hills. The main difi&culty was the scarcity
of water along the road, and the fact that rations must
be taken with the Brigade for eight days, the whole
necessitating a very large mmiber of carriers who would
greatly add to the already unwieldy length of the column,
which apart from the supply transport numbered
several thousand men. This dif&culty was partly over-
come by the substitution of several thousand donkeys
for a large number of carriers. These, though partly
obviating the difficulty, greatly increased the water

185

184 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Tunduru. Murray is expected shortly at Abdtialla-
Kwa-Nangwa, and in conjunction with the Nangano
force, will block the enemy's retreat southwards from
Mahenge and Liwale areas. Mahenge : Faire is pushing
on to Saidi to co-operate in the Mahenge operations and
prevent the enemy breaking westwards. Hawthorne is
operating against Otto, and will co-operate in the Mahenge
operations. In the event of the enemy breaking south-
wards he will pursue him, keeping to the west of tiie
Belgians. The mutual object of the Belgian and British
forces is to break up the enemy's opposition in the western
areas. Speed is of the utmost importance."

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AREA 187

route arrived at its destination at 3.30 p.m. The rear-
guard did not arrive in till sunset. The country passed
through was very undulating and hilly. Tlie Tschip-
wadwa river rises in these hills and runs through a deep
valley for the first few miles of its course. The path
leading into Narumbego followed the stream from its
source for about 4 miles. Owing to the undulating
nature of the road, the march was most trying, and
resulted in five Europeans and many natives becoming
hors de combat.

The hills were densely covered with bush and long
grass, which added greatiy to the difficulties of the advance
guard commander, who was forced to proceed with the
greatest caution. From Narumbego an Intelligence
Officer was sent out to Waholo and another to Mtete to
watch the enemy's movements, and if possible, in the
latter case, capture the post, which was reported to be
quite small. Narumbego lay at the bottom of a deep
valley, the sides of which were nearly precipitous. The
main body of the colimm camped in the deep valley — a
strong line of outposts holding the ground on each side.
If the previous day had been hard, it had been a hoUday
compared with the 8th. On this day the advance guard
left the valley of the Tschipwadwa river at 4 a.m. After
an hour's hard climbing they reached the plateau to the
south. The distance to the Mirola stream was only
I3f miles, yet the advance guard did not arrive in till
late in the afternoon, whilst the ammunition column was
still coming in at i a.m. on the 9th. Owing to the diffi-
culty of getting the donkeys up the Very steep hills, the
donkey supply colimon did not reach their destination
till well after daylight on the 9th, and even then
five himdred carriers had to be sent back to help in the

186 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

problem and decreased the pace of the march by nearly
half.

On the 3rd October the 4th Nigeria Regiment and
Pioneer section left Nahimgu for Mhulu — a. small village •
9 miles distant, which was to be the motor road terminus.
From here to the south everything would have to be
carried on donkeys or carriers. On the 4tft the
4th Nigeria Regiment moved forward, leaving behind
them the Pioneer section to improve the water supply
for the Brigade by digging extra water holes. Thus at
the very first halting place troubles began. The
4th Battahon marched 7 miles to Lihero, where it was
joined by the rest of the Brigade on the 5th. On the
6th October the march was continued to Nahanga, a
distance of 14 nules through a waterless track of bush.
The information received this day was that the enemy
had a post at Mtshinsdri, which had lately been rein-
forced, and another post at Mtete, 12 miles southwards
of Nahanga. It must be clearly imderstood that during
this march aU Contact Xvith the enemy was to be avoided
if possible, for the double reason of speed and secrecy. It
was therefore decided that the march south would be
continued via Tschipwadwa to the Nyengedi stream, and
thus escape all German posts. A wireless message
received on the 6th stated that the Lindi offensive would
recommence on the 8th inst., and that the turning move
from the south would synchronize with the move from
the north. On 7th October the Brigade marched to
Narumbego. The advance guard left Nahanga at 5 a.m.
The distance was only 8 nules, but owing to the local
guide leading the Brigade wrong, the distance was greatly
increased. The direct road was due south, but the
advance guard moved out due east, and by a circular

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AREA 189

the sick behind to the tender mercies of a wandering
party of the enemy's Askaris, as they often did with their
own sick.

On the 9th, whilst the colmnn was still at the Mirola
river, a British aeroplane managed to locate us, and
dropped a message to the effect tnat the Nigerians were
now under orders of Brig.-Gen. Beves. At 10 a.m. a
wireless message was received from Gen. Beves, ordering
the column to proceed to Mahiwa via Mpembe and
Mtshinyiri. The message stated that the column was to
live on the country, and no longer be dependent upon a
supply train. Col. Mann, in answering this message,
pointed out the present condition of affairs in the Brigade,
and added that the Intelligence Ofi&cer, Major Pretorius,
had pronounced this route quite impossible, owing to the
scarcity of waier along it.

The column halted by the Mirola river during the night,
and very glad were all ranks for the rest. Sounds of
heavy firing were heard from time to time during the day,
which turned out to be Linforce approaching Mtama.
Early on the morning of the loth a wireless message was
received from Gen. Beves, in which he stated that he
quite realized the difficulties and he therefore x:£inceUed
his orders of the previous day. However, he directed
that every pos^ble effort was to be made to arrive at
Mahiwa in rear of the main enemy's forces operating in
the lindi area. The ration situation was now becoming
acute, and it had become more and more urgently neces-
sary to gain early touch with the main JLindi forces. The
whole coimtry in front was reported to be as bare of food
as that we had already passed through. There was,
therefore, no chance of obtaining food locally for so large
a force. Tlie march was continued at 5.30 a.m. on the

188 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

donkeys by carrying their loads for them. Numerous
donkeys had died on the way, and a number of Europeans
and natives fell out on the road owing to the heat and
the length of the march.

In the early part of the day heavy gunfire was heard
far away to the south-east ; this being the first fighting
heard by us in the lindi area. The Intelligence patrol
that had been sent out from Nahanga sijcceeded this day
in rushing and captimng three German Europeans at
Mtete. They evidently had no idea that troops were in
the neighbourhood, so great was their surprise when
they were brought in as prisoners to see this huge column
winding its way through the hills.

Not till 10 a.m. on the gth did the rearguard eventually
arrive from Mirola river, having been twenty-eight hours
on the road. The road between Nahanga and the Mirola
river is simply a native bush track, along which it was
quite impossible to proceed in any other formation than
single file. Although Intelligence patrob were out in
front and on the right flank of the column, it was neces-
sary to be continually on the alert, as the enemy were
within easy striking distance. As this long unwieldy
column of men, carriers, and donkej^ slowly^ wended its
way through this most difftcult and hilly bush country,
it offered a most vulnerable object for a German raiding
party ; hence every military precaution had to be taken
at all times.

The length of the column was by this time greatly
increased by the mmiber of stretcher cases that had to
be carried up and down this terrible country. Europeans
and natives were beginning to go sick at an alarming pace,
due to the heat and fatigue. Knowing^ the Germans as
well as we did, it was quite out of the question to leave

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AREA 191

baggage did not get in till 7.30 p.m., whilst the anununi-
tion column did not arrive till after 11 p.m. Before this
climb to the top of the Rondo plateau was commenced,
all the donkeys had been sent back to the coast at Liadi
via Lake Lutimba ; also 130 loads of ammimition, for
which there were no carriers. The remaining boxes of
ammimition had been handed over to the supply porters,
as all supplies had by this time been issued. The coimtry
for some da}^ past had been quite impracticable for
donkeys, whidi had throughout the whole march greatly
delayed the column. On arriving at Rupiagine, after a
very hot march, there was found to be no water, and to
obtain it the men had to descend to the valley about
1200 feet bdow. However, the wonderful view across
the Lutimba lake, to a small degree, made up for the
discomfort of this hot climb. After a day spent in the
hot bush, it was a great relief to look down upon so fine
a panorama, and feel the cool fresh air of a higher altitude.
The Brigade crossed the Rondo plateau on the 12th,
arriving about midday at the Nyengedi, where two days*
rations were awaiting us, in charge of the two companies
of the 2nd Battalion ; but the 300 carriers that had
brought these rations had been sent back in error.
Telephonic communication was established with Gen.
Beves's headquarters, and orders were received to move
on as soon as possible. By this time all Europeans and
natives were utterly done up, and rest was badly needed,
but owing to Gen. Beves's orders this was quite impossible.
Accordingly, orders were issued for all sick and as much
baggage as possible, to be sent from the Nyengedi to
Mtua. No less than 283 sick were thus evacuated, of
which II Europeans and 38 natives were stretcher cases.
Personal loads were cut down to one per European.

190 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

loth. Tshitishiti stream was reached at 4 p.m. It had
taken ten and a half hours to complete the 13-niile
march. This march was nearly as trying as that of the
8th. The ammiinition and supply donkejre did not
arrive in before midnight, and the rearguard did not
arrive in till the following morning.. The length of the
march in a direct line was not 5 miles, and at places
the head and tail of this great column were almost doubled
round into a circle, so that there was only a compara-
tively short distance of almost impassable hiUs separating
them. The actual number of miles, however, marched
could not have been less than 15 miles owing to the
configuration of the coimtry.

A wireless message received from Linforce stated that
two days' rations woiild be sent out to the Nyengedi to
arrive there by the evening of this day. From the
Tshitishiti stream to the Nyengedi is 18 miles. It was,
therefore, quite out of the question for the column, in its
present state of fatigue, to reach there in time to meet
the convoy, and a wireless message to this effect was
sent back to Gen. Beves early on the morning of the nth.
Two companies of the 2nd BattaUon were sent forward to
the Nyengedi with instructions to meet the supply column.

In the Intelligence Report issued this day it was given
out that von Lettow with twenty-six companies had
concentrated between Nyangao and Massassi. Gen.
Hannsmgton's force was slowly pushing south to the
Lukuledi river by the main road via Ruponda, which
place had been evacuated by the enemy.

At 12.30 p.m. the coliunn continued the march — ^the
advance guard arriving at Rupiagine on the Rondo
plateau at 3.30 p.m. The distance was only 5 nnles,
but owing to the hard going and steep dimbing the

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AEEA 193

that place was very strongly held, and, further, that von
Lettow himself with his mobile force was rapidly march-
ing to Mzihiwa from the north-west, but none of this
information was credited by Gen. Beves, who was most
insistent as to the necessity of rapidity of movement,
in order that the Nigerian advance should synchronize
with the frontal advance of Linforce, which was timed
to commence on the 15th October.

SmaU patrol engagements on the 12th and 13th were
in themselves sufficient information to the Nigerian
Headquarters that the enemy were well aware of our
flank move, yet orders were received at the Rondo Plateau
camp to send one battalion across the Lindi-Massassi
road at Nyangao, and to attack Mahiwa itself with the
remaiuder of the force at dawn on the 15th October.

Tlie Nyangao river was reached by 8.30 a.m. on the
14th. At 12.30 p.m. the column left the river, reaching
Namupa Mission at 4.30 p.m. There was a small patrol
action en route that led to the captin-e of one European
and the death of one Askari. Later eight Europeans
were taken at the Mission by the advance guard, of which
two were Greeks and the rest Gelmaji non-combatants.
Two of the enemy food-stores were captured en route,
containing in one case fifty and in another seventy loads
of grain.

The advance was continued at 5.30 p.m., but the
wrong road was taken, resulting in the column having to
return to the Mission and there dig themselves in for the
night, as it was impossible in the dark to pick up the
correct road to Mahiwa from amongst the many roads
that led out from the Mission, like spokes from the hub
of a wheel. The colimm this day had marched from
3 a.m. till lO'p.m., whilst the rearguard weis on the road

13

192 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

The column had now been on the road for nine days, and
was abready two days late in arriving at Nyengedi, but
no troops could have made a greater effort to get through
up to time. The road, however, had been quite heart-
breaking, and the niunber of sick that had to be evacuated
will testify to the hardships the Brigade had gone through
in these nine days.

On the 13th October the Nigerians left the Nyengedi
at I p.m. for Ngedi on the Rondo plateau, arriving at
this place, after a steep cUmb over a bad road, at 4.30 p.m.
Again the rearguard was delayed by the bad condition of
the road, and did not even leave the Nyengedi till after
dusk, owing to the slow pace the carriers were forced to
go when descending into the Nyengedi valley. Though
it was late at night, and bitterly cold by the time the
rearguard arrived in, the column was under orders to
continue the march at 4.30 a.m. the following morning.
The strength of the Nigerian battahons by this time had
been greatly reduced, and the three battahons together
did not muster much more than a thousand odd rifles.
The enemy's force was known to be at least two thousand
Askaris, with three or four hundred Europeans, and
several guns. In addition to this it was known that von
Lettow had with him a mobile force of about six hundred
picked men, which at any time he could throw into any
part of his front or flanks as reinforcements, or be able
to use them as a striking force on the offensive, while
further reserves of about six hundred rifles were known
to be at Mahiwa. Mahiwa was the key to von Lettow's
position, as it was his central food depot. Reports
received from G.H.Q. by wireless stated that Mahiwa
was only Ughtly held, but. this did not agree with local
reports. Major Pretorius' iaformation indicated that

THE MARCH TO THE LINDI AREA 195

times during this march, they poisoned themselves by
eating ijncooked Cassava.

The route from the Kilwa to the Lindi area will never
be forgotten by those that had the misfortune to take
part in it. For general discomfort it was only eclipsed
by the Rufiji, and the months of semi-starvation passed
through in that area.

194 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

from 5.30 a.m. till i a.m. on the 15th. The heat during
the day had been intense, so that both Eviropeans and
natives were absolutely exhausted by the end of the day.
To add to aU this, the G.O.C. Linforce instructed the
Coltmm Headquarters to press on immediately. How-
ever, this was impossible, for the bush all round was
thick, and the guides were not only terrified in the dark
but also wilfully stupid, and in the inky darkness of the
night it would have been out of the question to wind this
long columniout again so as to get it into any military
formation. When at the Mission I think we all realized
that something big was going to take place shortly. One
could not help thinking of those few hues from Henry V.
between Westmoreland, Exeter, and Sahsbury : " Of
fighting men they have three score thousand." " There
is five to one ; besides they all are fresh." " God's arm
strike with us ! It is a fearful odds."

An uncomfortable few hours' rest was now snatched
by the hungry and blanketless troops on the damp ground.
As no suppHes had arrived before dark had set in there
was no food to issue to the men, thus the long march
from KUwa area ended as it had begun — ^in utter
discomfort. I

On almost every day of this march the supplies and
baggage had arrived in hours after the arrival of the
advance guard, thus the troops, scorched by the heat
dming the day, were frequently forced to suffer cold by
night. Rations were usually short, and when obtainable
often not good. Cooking after dark was usually im-
possible owing to the necessity of secrecy and the close
proximity of the enjemy ; therefore no fires could be lit.
The men were in consequence frequently forced to eat
uncooked rice and cereals, or, what happened many

Sketch Map of the Nigerian Positions at ™e Battle of Mahiwa.

I5*t0 ia*0ct.l9l7.

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MREMBA HILL

PosiUon taken up by the
Nigenan Advanced Guard on tS "'Oct.
These Trenches were later occupied
by German Troops

CHAPTER XII

THE 2ND AND 4TH NIGERIANS AND THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA

I STATED in the last chapter that orders had been
received by the G.O.C. Nigerian Brigade, to detach
one battaUon from the column and send it to Nyangao
in order to block the road lying to the east of Mahiwa,
by which it was thought that the enemy might try to
retreat. The ist Nigerians, the Gambia Company, and
two Nigerian guns were detailed for this duty. They
left early on the morning of the 15th October. The
2nd and 4th Nigerians, with the remaining half of the
Nigerian Battery, together with the Stokes gun section
and Brigade Headquarters, left at 5.30 a.m. in order to
make the attack on Mahiwa. The advance guard con-
sisted of two companies of the 4th Battalion and the
Stokes gim section, under the command of Major Gibb.
Almost as soon as the head of the column was clear of
the Mission station, Capt. Maxwell, who was commanding
the leading company, became engaged, but he managed
to press back the enemy who were only a strong rear-
guard left to watch the road. The main body followed
the advance guard at 7.30 a.m., and were in their turn
followed an hom: or so later by the wireless section and
rearguard.

One company of the ist BattaUon and the Pioneer
section remained behind at the Mission with the Brigade
baggage, reserve ammunition column, and ambulances.

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 197

The position of affairs at dawn on the 15th October was
therefore as follows : A column of Nigerians was ad-
vancing south on to Mahiwa, which place was situated
on the main Lindi-Massassi road, and about 10 miles
south-west of Mtama ; another Nigerian Column was
marching on to Nyangao, also on the Lindi-Massassi road
in order to block the Nyangao-Namupa road. Nyangao
was about 3 miles north-east of Mahiwa. Linforce, con-
sisting of Columns III and IV, were operating against
the enemy at Mtama ; another force, consisting of
Columns I and II, was moving down upon Massassi from
the north ; cavalry patrols were already operating south
and west^of Mahiwa. The object of the G.O.C. Linforce
was for the Nigerian Column to occupy and hold Mahiwa,
which he maintained was very Hghtly held by the enemy,
and so cut off the retreat of the enemy's forces retiring
south from Mtama ; as he so aptly put it, " The Nigerians
were to be the cork in the bottle ! " The Germans'
retreat north-east was denied by the presence of ist
BattaHon at N5^angao. As stated in the last chapter,
the Acting Brigadier of the Nigerian Brigade had very
different information as to the strength of the enemy at
Mahiwa than that given to him by the Linforce Head-
quarters. He therefore held very different views as to
the possibility of success in the part allotted to him.
At 8.20 a.m. Col. Mann received a telephonic message
from Gen. Beves ordering him to press on in spite of all
opposition. About this time the advance guard was
again held up, but Major Gibb, on receiving these orders,
instructed Capt. Maxwell that he was to press forward
in spite of receiving casualties, and that he must be
prepai;ed to take greater risks. From this time forward
15 Company was continually in touch with the enemy.

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198 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

engaging them with varying success till ii a.m., at which
time " the point " was approaching the MaMwa river.
Here 15 Company was finally held up, and by the volume
of fire that was deUvered against them it became certain
that the enemy were here in strength, and no longer
ccmsisted of only a strong rearguard. A sharp fight
ensued in which 15 Company suffered several casualties,
including Sergt. Spratt, who was killed. 14 Company,
smd later half 16 Company, reinforced 15 Company, and
three sides of a perimeter were formed, which was later
strengthened by the addition of a company of the 2nd
Battalion, which had been sent up to reinforce the 4th
Battalion at 12.30 p.m. Kneeling and standing trenches
were prepared, and the Nigerians waited developments.

At 4.15 p.m. Col. Maim decided to try to locate and
turn the enemy's right flank, as he had again received
orders from Gen. Beves that the advance must be pushed
on. It was quite impossible to continue the mardi
straight ahead, as Capt. Maxwell was right up against a
strong force of the enemy, who were well entrenched.
No. 16 Company, under the command of Capt. Hetley,
was detailed for this duty, and moved out due east at
4.45 p.m. One of his sections was deployed so as to
form a screen of scouts. Later the two flanks of this
screen were strengthened, whilst the rest of the company
moved in single file through the bush, with flank guards
and a rearguard out. After marching in this formation
for about one mile a path was met with which led towards
the south. The screen was wheeled to the right, and the
advance continued in a southerly direction. After pro-
ceeding with great caution for about half a mile, Lieut.
Fox, who was in charge of the screen, reported that the
enemy were in front. The screen was halted and was

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 199

rdnforced, so that a firing line was built up, whilst the
left half of the company was ordered to deploy to the
left and right of the path in a semi-circular formation, so
as to be prepared for an attack from the front or either
flanks. Whilst this movement was being executed the
enemy opened fire from the front, followed almost immedi-
ately by heavy fire from the right and left front. At this
stage Corporal Abdulai was Idlled. He had throughout
the advance shown the most marked abihty in working
the men under his command in the Screen, and had been
the first scout to spot the enemy. Two Lewis guns and
a section were hastily pushed up to reinforce the scouts,
and the enemy's fire was returned. Within five minutes
the company was being fired into from the left flank, and
within ten minutes from the left rear. The two machine-
guns, under Sergts. Element and Hervey, came into
action facing left, and Lieut. KeUock, with one section,
formed a firing line facing in this direction. At this
sudden burst of heavy fire practically every unenlisted
carrier bolted, taking with them most of the reserve
ammunition and entraiching tocds. The company was
now up against an overwhelming force, and was nearly
surroimded. From the rapidity with which the enemy's
fire had opened and increased in volume, it would appear
that i6 Company had met a very strong enemy's force
that was probably in the very act of moving up to attack
the Nigerian Brigade.

The enemy were checked by the hot fire that was kept
up by i6 Company, but soon the lack of reserve ammuni-
tion began to make itself felt. First the machine-guns
had to be put out of action for lack of ammimition,
followed soon afterwards by the Lewis guns. A retire-
ment became absolutely necessary. This movement was

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 201

clean white right through, except for his skin. The am-
mtinition in the men's pouches was exhausted before the
retreat was completed, so the machine-guns and Lewis
guns, except one, were aU sent to the rear. The few
rounds left in the belt boxes and magazines were collected
and distributed eimongst a dozen men. These twelve
men with the one remaining Lewis gun now formed the
rearguard. This small party kept up a most determined
reaipiard action, whilst the woimded were collected.
Poor Seigt. iJiley was never foimd, so had to be left to
the mercy of the enemy. He has never been heard of
since. One by one the woimded and the ammunition
and tool boxes were foxmd and carried back. Lieut. Fox,
who was in charge of this small rearguard, was hi^ when
actually working the Lewis gun. This officer had through-
out borne the brunt of the j&ghting and had acted with
the greatest gallantry. The command now fell upon
native Corporal Sali Bagirmi, to whom must be given
much of the credit for the magnificent way in which this
smaU rearguard fought and held a force at least ten times
their own strength, and prevented them from breaking
through on to the defenceless wounded and men without
a roimd of ammimition between them. The casualties
in i6 Company in this action were very heavy, being
quite 40 per cent, of the total strength. Three officers
were wounded, one British N.C.O. was missing and
bdieved to be killed, and another British N.C.O. was
wounded, whilst no less than fifty-eight rank and file
were either killed or wounded, the proportion of kUled
to wounded being very high.

This company had behaved magnificentiy under the
most trying circmnstances, and notwitlstanding their
very heavy casualties, and the fact that most of the

200 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

carried out by alternate sections, and was only rendered
possible by the gaUant behaviour of the Nigerian troops
that were outnumbered by three or four to one. Sergts.
Element, HeSrvey, and Trollop greatly assisted this with-
drawal by the bold maimer in which they handled the
machine-guns and Lewis guns. Lieut. Mulholland and
Sergts. Riley and Eley were hit early in the fight. Special
mention should be made of the devotion to duty and
gallantry shown by Company-Sergt.-Major Tukeru
Bouchi and Sergt. Awudu Katsena. Both these native
N.COs., by holding their men in the most perfect control
and putting up a fight that will always be remembered as
being amongst the most brilUant achievements ever taken
part in by Nigerian troops. As the sections retired, so
the wounded were carried back, whilst old Tukeru Bouchi,
by his personal example of indifference to danger, kept
up the men's fighting spirit. A retirement of this kind,
by sections, is alwas^s very difficult for native troops to
carry out, as one section does not like to see another
retiring whilst they themselves are left to stand the brunt
of the fighting ; they prefer to sink or swim all together.
On this occasion, however, as soon as the troops under-
stood what was required of them, they carried out this
difficult manoeuvre with the utmost steadiness, and
supported each other by properly sustained and directed
volley firing. Twice overwhelming nmnbers of the enemy
attempted to charge, but twice they were driven back
with heavy casualties. The company had nearly com-
pleted the retirement when Lieut. Kellock was hit, and
the faithful Tukeru Bouchi fell mortally wounded. Both
were got away to the rear, but the gallant old sergeant-
major died cursing the Hun two dajrs later. In his death
the 4th Battalion lost a most gallant man, who was

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 203

The withdrawal was carried out without further fighting.
The night was quiet except for a few smpers. Up to
dusk the telephone wire back to the Mission was intact,
as a message was received by the Brigade Headquarters
from the ist Battalion, stating that they were also held
up at Nj^angao by a strong foree of the enemy. The
party that had brought up the cooked rice from the
Mission were fired upon on their return journey. Thus
ended the first day of the battle of Mahiwa, which was to
turn out to be one of the biggest battles that has taken
place on A&ican soil.

At dawn on the i6th patrols were sent out in all direc-
tions, and reported that the enemy were in strength on
the south-east and west of our position. Before day-
break the troops were busily employed in improving their
defences, and standing trenches were dug aU round the
perimeter. Col. Mann received a wireless message early
in the morning from Linforce, stating that von Lettow,
with four companies and two field guns, was on his way
to reinforce the troops engaged in attaddng the Nigerian
position.

Water parties were fired on soon after it was li^t, and
were thus imable to get down to the Mahiwa river to
obtain water. At lo a.m. a telegram was written out
ordering the ist Battalion immediately to proceed back
to the Namupa Mission, and from there reinforce the
Brigade, but this wire was never dispatched, as the line
had been cut during the night. The enemy, during the
morning, contented themselves with holding the water
supply with machine-guns. Desidtory firing continued
all round the .perimeter throughout the morning. The
two guns of the Nigerian Battery, which had be^ in
action most of the afternoon of the 15th, had, together

202 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

carriers had run away, i6 Company saved every machine-
gun and Lewis gun and brought in all the wounded that
could be found. That this company had walked right
into a prepared position, held by a strong German force,
and had managed to escape still a fighting unit, speaks
excellently for their fighting qualities and to the personal
leadership of their commander, Capt. Hetley, who for
this action was awarded the Military Cross.

Simultaneously with i6 Company's action a most
determined attack was delivered against the front and
right of the Nigerian main position. This attack lasted
for about one hour, but was repulsed at 6 p.m. The
firing on both sides was extremely heavy. Half a com-
pany of the 2nd Battalion was sent out to cover Capt.
Hetley's retirement, and eventually returned, having
suffered only a few casualties.

At dusk the enemy recommenced their attack upon
the right front corner of the Nigerian position, and a
most determined fight on both sides ensued, the bulk of
the fighting falling to the lot of half 14 Company. By
7.30 p.m. the enemy withdrew. The 4th Battalion
casualties on this day were heavy, mmibering about
eighty of all ranks. The enemy had done their utmost
to break through this battalion, and must have suffered
very heavily in their"attempts. Owing to the fact that
the reserve ammunition colmnn was still back at the
Mission there was now a danger of the firing line running
short. Further, no rations existed , except those that
were actually carried on the men, and a small amoimt
of cooked rice that had come up from the Mission shortly
before dusk. Owing mainly to these two reasons, it was
decided to withdraw the advance guard, and dig in for
the night m the position already held by the main body.

D
■J

m
z

204 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

with the Stokes mortar, greatly helped to drive back the
enemy's forces, but both the gtins and mortars had used
up much ammunition in so doing. It was now foimd
that the enemy were across the road- in rear, and that all
touch with the Mission had been lost. This was most
serious, as it put both the guns and mortar out of action
for want of ammunition. Further, the heavy infantry
fight of the 15th had used up much of the first-line reserve
ammunition, and it was impossible to get up any more
from the reserve ammunition column back at the Mission
owing to this unexpected action of the enemy.

At 2.30 p.m. our real period of trial commenced, for
at this time the enemy commenced to shell the Nigerian
position. At first only a 4.1 naval gim put over an
occasional roimd, all of which failed to do any damage,
but at 3.30 p.m. a 70 mm. gun came into action from the
high grovmd on our right at a comparatively short range.
At first there was no great cause for alarm, as the enemy
had failed to get the range correctly. The 4.1 continued
to lob its projectile over the perimeter, the gim itself being
so far away that there was time to fight a cigarette between
the sound of the first report reaching us and the arrival of
the projectile. The 70 mm., however, was a very different
proposition, and by 4 p.m. it began to get the range of
the 4th BattaUon trenches, most particularly the left of
14 Company's line, with most disastrous results. The
troops were helpless as the small mountain guns of the
Nigerian Battery were useless against this modem 70 mm.
quick-firer, and btesides, our guns had very few rounds of
ammunition left. Though standing trenches had been
dug, no elaborate preparation had been made against
modem shell fire. To those who are used to a bombard-
ment as known in France, this kind of bombardment by

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 205

two guns may seem ridiculous, but it is all a matter of
preparation. One well-directed modem gun, firing high-
explosive shells at the rate of one round a minute, against
troops who are not prepared for shell fire, who cannot
change their position, and cannot reply to that g\m, is
as bad as a heavy bombardment for troops thoroughly
prepared for shell fire, and are either imder cover or
can drop back to another line of trenches out of shell
fire. I maintain that the latter axe, if anything, the
better off, foy nothing can be worse for the morale of
troops who were situated as the 4th Nigeria Regiment
was on the 16th October. Again and again th^ 70 mm.
shelled these imfortunate companies. A sector of
14 Company trenches at one time received three direct
hits upon it in succession. There were no alternative
trenches to retire to, and no safe " dug outs " to shelter
in. Every direct hit found its human^ target ; the trees
above this trench were dripping blood for two days after-
wards from limbs and trunks of men that had been blown
up and been wedged between the branches. It was a
most ghastly quarter of an hour. Nigerian troops,
before this, had never been exposed to heavy shell fire
either in the Cameroons or in East Africa. The casualties
in 14 Company became so heavy that the bombardment
at last began to tell upon the morale of the men, and it
became evident that it would be madness to attempt
to keep this company in these trenches exposed, as they
were, to certain death. Col. Sargent ordered the with-
drawal of this company to a position 100 yards in rear
of their trenches. Her©^ the sections were reformed, and
the men made to He down whilst everyone awaited the
orders to return to the firing line. Sergt. Evans was
killed during this bombardment, together with a large

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 207

of danger ; loyal to the finger tips, Awudu Katsena is
a man who sets an example to both black and white alike
of what a soldier should be.

The men of 14 Company, seeing the Europeans running
back to the firing line, immediately competed against
each other to be back first at their respective posts in
the trench. In five minutes from the time that the order
had been given to retiun to the trench to repel the
infantry attack, every mother's son that could walk
was in his place. Many of the men had been woimded
by the bombardment, but if they could walk and use
their rifles they had, on their own account, returned to
the trench, never knowing that the shell fire would not
at any moment recommence. Many of these men had
already been ordered to report themselves at the dressing
station. The indomitable loyalty and pluck of the men
of this company should be handed down to generations
jret to be in Nigeria as an example of what the true
Nigerian soldier is made of. It is too horrible to con-
template what would have been the fate of the 2nd and
4th Battalions, not to mention the wretched and defence-
less wotmded, if this company had not returned to its
position in the line, but had left the gap open for the
enemy to pour into the perimeter. The line was so formed
that it would have been impossible for 15 and 16
Companies to have stopped the enemy by means of
cross fire.

The Germans in this infantry attack, delivered at
4.30 p.m., must have suffered most heavily. Confident
that their guns had so shaken the 4th Battalion, they
came on ia close formation against 14 and 15 Companies,
and must have been mown down by machine-gun and
rifle fire. The spirit of the men in these two companies

206 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

number of the men of 14 Company, whilst the whole of
this part of the line was Uttered with broken and
wounded men trying to crawl back to the dressing
station.

Fomrteen Company had only retired a few minutes
from the firing line when the bombardment suddenly
stopped, and was followed immediately by a determined
infantry attack. This was quite expected. The com-
pany commander of 14 Company half expected trouUe,
as he knew that his company had had more than enough
to shake their morale, so he called upon all the Europeans
to get back to the firing line, and carry forward with them
the machine-guns and Lewis guns of the company.
Capt. Norton-Harper, who was at the time battalion
signalling officer, was amongst the first to respond, only
to be killed by a fragment of shell a short while later,
lieut. Crowe, Sergts. Hunt and Stamp carried the guns
back to the filing line themselves, and immediately
opened fire upon the rapidly approaching enemy's
in&uatry. When I personally arrived back at the trench,
I found that the machine-gun carrier, Awudu Katsena,
had already arrived back at the trench, and was sitting
up cross-legged on top of the parapet, giving the advanc-
ing enemy rapid fire with my own private .333 JefEreys
rifle. This machine-gun carrier, the reader will probahly
remember, has already been mentioned in this narrative
in connection with the fighting on the 24th January, for
which he earned the MiHtary Medal. He is one of the
most plucky men it.has/beoi my good fortune to meet ;
though he is Uttle more than a boy in years, he does not
know the meaning of the word " fear." He promises to
be another Belo Akuie or Tukuru Bouchi. Always
kuighing and cheerful ; alwajrs the first to be in a place

THE BATTLE OF MAHtWA 209

the end of the German attack, been reinforced by a
sectkai of the 2nd Battalion. One of these shells was
responsible for Capt. Norton-Harper's end, whilst the
and Battahon's section and 14 and 15 Companies all
suffered casualties firom this gun during the attack.
Many machine-guns and Lewis guns had been put out
of action this day by shell fire, especially in 14 and
15 Companies.

At the same time, whilst this fierce fight had been
going on, very heavy firing had been heard from the
Mission side of the perimeter, which everyone correctly
judged to be the ist Battalion in action. I will therefore
in another chapter give in detail all that occurred to this
battaUon after it parted company from the rest of the
Brigade on the 15th October.

The 2nd and 4th Battalions had repulsed the enemy's
onsla\ights, but at a heavy price to themselves. Casual-
ties had been most heavy, but, what was worse, the
ammunition was rapidly giving out. Everyone was
banking upon the timely arrival of Major Roberts' column,
consisting of the ist Battahon and the Gambia Company,
and the night of the i6th stUl found us trusting in relief
from this quarter, httle knowing that Major Roberts had
met with a reverse, and had been forced to retire. Just
before dusk the enemy again made a half-hearted attempt
to break through the Nigerian perimeter on the 14 and
15 Company face, but they met with no better results
than in their first big attack. A ciuious thing happened
in this action. It was passed round the 4th Battahon
that the ist Nigerians were approaching, and would
come into the perimeter from the west. No one has ever
learnt the origin of this message, but I strongly suspect
the Germans themselves of having got this message passed

14

208 NIGERIANS IN GERMM^ EAST AFRICA

was wonderful. They seemed to revel in the excitement.
I have never before, or since, seen the men with their
tails so up as they were immediately after the commence-
ment of the German infantry attack. They sang and
shouted war cries, whilst one or two men — -fooHshly I
know — stobd on the perimeter and danced, shaking their
rifles above their heads at the already hesitating enemy.
It was a sight for the gods, and one never to be forgotten
by those who saw it. The Germans came to within
150 yards of the Nigerian trench at the double, then they
began to hesitate, then to halt, and then turn round,
and were last seen ruiming like " long dogs." By this
I do not mean to infer that the enemy were wanting in
courage, for they had already achieved wonders by
getting up to within 100 yards of the Nigerians in the
face of so deadly a fire. But they found themselves
opposed to troops that were as good as themselves, and
they had taken on the impossible. To advance further
would have meant for them destruction and victory for
the Nigerians. I take off my hat to one German
Emropean. He was foolhardy, but he was what the
Americans would call " some man." He, riding on a
grey horse, personally led his men to the attack, and
when they checked, he rode up and down their front
encouraging them to continue the advance. In this way
he got within 150 yards of 15 Company before he dis-
appeared, never, I should think, to lead his troops on
this earth again, for no less than two machine-guns and
two score of rifles were aimed at him. In less than an
hour the enemy retired in silence, and their great efEort
to break through was doomed to utter failure. During
the attack the 70 mm. put two or three high explosive
shells into the 4th Battalion's front, which had, before

NICIF.RIANS IN IHK TRFXCHK-

210 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

round. The result was that 14 Company lost a golden
opportunity of catching a large party of the enemy at
close range out in the open, but in the bad Ught it was
impossible to see whether they were friend or foe, and as
the 1st BattaHon were expected, orders had been given
not to fire imless one was certain at whom one was firing.
As this party of men did not come straight forward, but
were seen dodging about in the bush, one's suspicions
were aioused. At last it was certain that they were
enemy, but by this time it was almost too late to do them
any serious damage. Rapid fire was again o^ned, and
a section of 14 Company charged the place where the
enemy had last been seen, but with no good results, as
they had already scattered. The night of the i6th-
17th October was quiet, but great excitement was caused
by the enemy lighting hundreds of small fires about
1000 yards away to the south, so that they resembled a
long and well-hghted street in a civilized country. No
one has ever learnt what the wily Boche was doing, but,
as it seemed so self-evident that they wished us to fire
at them, we restrained ourselves, and the peace of the
night was not disturbed. Thus the weary soldiers lay
down and rested as they were in the trenches. Every-
one was hungry, as rations had long run out. Ammuni-
tion was very short. All the officers knew that if help
was not forthcoming soon and the Germans gave us
another day like the one just passed through, all would
be up with us. No one knew what the next hour would
bring forth, but luckily native soldiers do not look far
ahead. " Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof " is a
very true motto for the Hausa soldier. The following
few lines from Punch describe the feelings of all of us on
the night of the i6th-i7th October : —

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 211

" Soldier, what of the night ?
Vainly you question me ;
I know not, I hear not, nor see. fn

The voice of the prophet is dumb
Here in the heart of the fight ;
I count not the hours on their way,
I know not when morning shall come ;
Enough that I work for the day."

The i6t]i October was the most disastrous day to the
Nigerians since the formation of the force, the ist- and
4th Nigeria Regiments and the Gambia Company having
suffered between them three hmidred casualties in one
day, not to mention the loss of a gim, described in the
next chapter, and a number of machine-guns put out of
action. The 2nd Battahon entirely escaped, and most
curiously only suffered ten casualties dining the whole
of the two days' fighting. A patrol sent out early on the
morning of the 17th reported that the Nigerians were
surrounded except on the east, and that the enemy were
entrenched. No news could be got from the ist Battahon.
The men had had no food, except half a pound of rice each,
since the 14th October, and as already stated, ammunition
was running very short. The G.O.C. Linforce asked
by wireless if the column could retire on to Namupa
Mission. He was informed that to do so would mean
instant attack by a very strong enemy's force that was
waiting for this on every side. Further, the column was
handicapped by having a very large niunber of stretcher
cases to evacuate, which in themselves would form a
column nearly 1000 j^ards long. To quote from a diary
written at the time : " Hie early part of the day was most
depressing. We (the 2nd and 4th Nigeria Regiments)
find ourselves hterally besieged ; ammunition is very
scarce, and the men have eaten their emergency ration.

Kaunpona
il

Sketch Map of the Battles ofMahiwa and Mkwera.

i — ' ' ' '

X » « I Mil,

212 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

To add to all these troubles, the enemy have got a
machine-gun and snipers posted aloAg the water, so that
oiu: m&i are continuously getting hit whilst tr3dng to
obtain water. As our trenches are dug in sand, more or
less out in the open, the heat in them is terrific, and the
men are willing to risk anything in order to quench their
thirst. No news of the ist Battalion, and as far as our
Brigade Headquarters know, oiu: convoy is entirely in the
air; there is no news of any reinforcements or of a
relieving column. At lo a.m. we received news that the
1st Battahon and Gambia Company met with reverse
yesterday in trying to break through to reUeve us. In
this attempt it is rumoured that they lost two hundred
casualties and one of the Battery gims. News is also
received that oiu: cavalry have suffered a severe reverse.
These reports, on top of a lack of sleep and food, have
not helped to raise our spirits. Matters are extremely
critical, and if we are not reUeved shortly we shall meet
with disaster." This quotation will give my reader a
very good idea of how matters stood on the morning of
the 17th October. Everyone was asking, " Where can
Beves's force be ? Why have we not heard his guns at
all during the past two da37s ? " Our questions were
answered at 10.30 a.m., when heavy firing could be heard
away to the south-east. What a reUef to aU of us whose
nerves had been stretched almost to bieaking-point
during the last forty-eight hours ! By the volume of
fire one could judge that there was a big battle in progress,
which lasted throughout the whole day, getting neater
to us every hour. In spite of the approach of General
O'Grady's Column, the enemy never left us alone, but
kept up a steady machine-gun fire, continuously aiiping
our water parties. It was impossible to reply to this

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 218

fire owing to the shortage of anunumtion, and, for the
same reason, out of the question for us to make a sortie
from the perimeter and help O'Grady, by falling upon
the rear of the troops opposing him. At 4 p.m. our
wireless aerial was cut away by a bullet, so that we were
entirely cut off from the rest of the world. At 4.30 p.m.
the fighting on the south-east became much nearer, so
that our hopes were raised as we saw a possibihty of our
getting out of the awkward position in which we had
been landed. .Patrols from the and Battalion under
officers were now sent out to try and get in touch with the
1st Nigerians and No. Ill Column.

On the 17th the 3rd Baftalion arrived at the Mission
from Nyangao, in order to reinforce Major Roberts.
Early in the afternoon of that day the whole of this
column left the Mission and marched back to Nyangao ;
thus the 3rd Battalion retmned to the Brigade after
many days, at a most opportune moment. Under cover
of darkness Col. Mann's wireless was repaired, and at
10 p.m. a wireless message was received from Major
Roberts stating that the 2nd Battalion's patrol had
arrived safely, and was returning with twenty boxes of
ammunition. By night time Gen. O'Grady was within
one mile of the Nigerian position at point " Y " on the
sketch. Though he was so near to us we were still besieged.
When day broke on the i8th October the food situation
was very serious indeed ; the men would soon be falling
sick and dying of starvation. Patrols reported that the
enemy was entrenched on every side except the south-
east, and were between Gen. O'Grady and our position.
Orders were received from Gen. Beves to withdraw from
the perimeter to the south-east. In spite of the previous
discomforts endured and the heavy casualties sustained.

CHAPTER XIII

THE REMAINDER OF THE NIGERIAN BRIGADE AT THE
BATTLE OF MAHIWA

THE jst Nigeria Regiment, the Gambia Com-
pany, and a section of the Nigerian Battery,
under the command of Major Roberts, moved
out from the Namupa Mission at 7 a.m. on the
15th October, and commenced the advance towards
Nyjingao. They did not advance more than 600 yards
before the advance guard was held up by a German
patrol. A few shots were exchanged and the enemy
fell back. The advance was continued for the next two
hours with great caution, until the column was so heavily
engaged that the advance was perforce brought to a halt
half a mUe from its objective. Major Roberts therefore
ordered a position to be prepared on knoll " Z," where a
perimeter was dug. The ist Battahon suffered several
casualties in this advance, amongst them being Capt.
Rickards, who was with the advance guard. No fmther
attempt was made to advance to Nyangao this day, as
the object of the advance had been secured already when
the perimeter had been formed at " Z," — ^that is to say,
the Namupa-Nyangao, road was blocked by a strong
force capable of denying this line of retreat to the enemy,
who were then falling back from Mtama. To advance
further would have in no way improved the situation
or helped in the general plan of action £is laid down by

915

214 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST APRICA

many regrets were felt on the receipt of this order, for all
we required was food and ammunition, for it seemed that
we were giving up all that had been so dearly bought
by us. Both Gen. O'Grady, in his magnificent effort to
break down all obstacles in order to gain touch with us,
and Col. Mann had suffered most -heavily, and now we
were called upon to retire and abandon our gains.

Col. Maim's Column was in the act of preparing to
withdraw — ^in fact, the advance guard had already left —
when a company of the 3rd BattaHon suddenly appeared
from the south-east, having been sent up to cover our
retirement. Our column got clear only just in time, for
as the rearguard was leaving, the enemy began to suspect
the Nigerians' move, and again opened fire upon the old
perimeter, which had now been taken over by the 3rd
Battalion company. The 2nd and 4th Battahons, with
all the wounded aad the two guns, arrived back safely
at Nyangao without any further fighting, though the
battle was raging upon our right flank during the whole
time that we were retiring, and in fact, one or two men
were hit during our retreat by stray shots.

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 217

time, as he is already engaged with Maim, and we shall
fall upon him in rear." He was so confident that he
was right in this surmise, that he immediately increased
the speed of his company, that had up to this time been
proceeding with the utmost caution, and marched as
quickly as possible to the sound of the firing in front.
He never even sent back a report to Major Roberts of
wJiat he intended doing, and to this action was due the
partial dis£ister that followed. Von Lettow, who had
been waiting for the approaching company on the high
ground to the west of the road, was able to fall upon
Capt. Stretton shortly after he crossed the second of
the two small streams, marked on the sketch, at a point
only a mile from Col. Mann's Column. Capt. Stretton
found himself surrotmded, and narrowly escaped being
annihilated. The remnants of his company managed
to force their way back to the main body by rushing the
enemy at the point of the bayonet. They suffered most
heavy losses, leaving behind them their gallant com-
mander, Capt. Stretton, and Lieut. Miller-Stirling, who
were both killed. Thus the Brigade lost one of their
veiy best company commanders — ^at all times a most
gallant of&cer, a loyal friend, and a good sportsman — one
who was beloved by his men, and endeared to every
European in the B:9gade that knew him. Capt. Stretton
had been by no meatus fortunate whilst serving with the
W.A.F.FS., as he was also taken prisoner by the Germans
in the Cameroon campaign, but in the Cameroons the
Germans did not suffer from so much Kultur as their
brethren in the east, and on the whole Capt. Stretton was
treated with the utmost courtesy by his captors.

This most imfortimate affair greatly handicapped
Major Roberts, who had received no information from the

216 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Gen. Beves, wMst very heavy casiialties wotild have
resulted if a further advance had been attempted.
Eiarly in the morning of the i6th October orders were
received by Major Roberts to return to the Namupa
Mission, and from there reinforce Col. Mann's Column,
No opposition was encountered on the return march,
and the Mission was ^-eached at about ii a.m. After
rations had been cooked, the advance was continued
from the Mission down the Mahiwa road. No. i Com-
pany of the 1st Battahon, tmder the command of Capt.
Stretton, left the Mission at i p.m., followed by two
companies of the ist Battalion and a section of Nigerian
artillery, with the Gambia Company as escort to the
guns ; the supply and baggage column of the whole of
the Brigade and the reserve ammunition column followed
later with No. 4 Company of the ist Battahon as rear-
guard. The advance guard met with no opposition
during the first two miles of march, but they had no idea
of what was lying in wait for them, nor did they know
that Col. Maim's Column was, to aU intents and pur-
poses, besieged.

A German force of foiu: companies, under the command
of Gen von Lettow himself, had arrived on the morning
of the 16th at Mremba Hill, where there was already a
strong force opposing Col. Mann. .From the top of
Mremba, with a pair of good field glasses, the Germans
coxM have almost cotmted the number of men in Major
Roberts' Colimm as they left the Namupa Mission and
descended the hill to the Nakadi river.

As Capt. Stretton advanced nearer to Col. Mann's
position he could hear the heavy firing of that column
as it was engaged with ^he enemy. He turned round to
his subaltern and said, " We have got the Boche set this

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 219

orderlies, and a small baggage guard were left with the
loads.

At 4 p.m. the firing was at its worst, and the two
Nigerian guns came into action on the extreme right,
firing with their fuses set at zero, so close were the enemy
upon them. The remnants of No. i Company had fallen
back on to the main firing line. The enemy were now
attacking chiefly on the right front, and matters were
becoming critical. The half company of the Gambia
Company tl^t were acting as escort to the guns were
hopelessly outnumbered, and, after suffering terrible
casualties, broke, and fell back in disorder. Both guns
were put out of action through having their biiffers per-
forated by the enemy's bullets, whilst the entire team of
one gun were either killed or woimded, with the result
that the gun had to be abandoned, and imfortunately
fell into the enemy's hands. The second gun was also
damaged, and as nearly as possible also feU into the
Germans' hands, but was sa\ied by the personal gallantry
of Sergt. Tasker, who drove the rapidly approaching
enemy off with a Lewis gun. The enemy, who had been
attacking in the open, had some very heavy casualties,
but they were the pick of the whole of the German force
in East Africa, and were led in person by von Lettow.

The weight of nmnbers thrown in against Major
Roberts' right flank was irresistible, and so orders were
issued to No. 2 Company gradually to retire on the left
to a distance of about 250 yaids, and there dig in a line
of firing pits. Li this position they remained till dusk.
Half the Gambia Company were still with No. 2 Company,
but they had lost touch with No. 3 Company.

The whole of the Brigade baggage and most of the
ammunition were now on, or near, the road, in front of

218 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

advance guard commander, and was therefore unable to
appreciate the situation till most of the damage had
been done. However, No. 3 Company was sent up in
support to the right of the road, and No. 2 Company to
the left of the road. Half the Gambia Company were
sent to occupy a position in this line, across the road, in
between these two companies. The other half of the
Gambia Company was dispatched to the extreme right
of No. 3 Company with the two Nigerian gxms. No. 4
Company remained on the north bank of the second
stream, on the left of the road.

By 3 p.m. aU the companies except the rearguard were
heavily engaged, chiefly from the front and right flank.
By this time the entire rearguard had crossed the second
stream. The baggage train was delayed on the right of
the road, and the carriers were ordered to put their loads
down and He down themselves. There was a lull in the
firing for a few minutes soon after 3 p.m., and the baggage
column again commenced the advance up the road, but
on the renewal of the heavy firing aU baggage was again
put down, and nothing further was done for about ten
minutes, when a note addressed to the O.C. rearguard
was received by the baggage officer. This note never
reached its destination. It instructed the rearguard
commander and the O.C. of the baggage to advance to
a perimeter that was being constructed by the Pioneers.
On the carriers being ordered up they took fright, the
bullets falling very thickly amongst them and hitting
many of them, with the resiilt that they stampeded to
the rear, and were only checked at last by No. 4 Company,
who had formed a line across the road, and with fixed
bayonets were able to turn the carriers back to their
loads. Until their return only four Em-opeans, a few

H X

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o

D
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--i. p

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220 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

the line taken up by No. 2 Company. This was a very
dangerous state of affairs £ls it was Uable to be cut ofE at
any moment from the new main position, and there were
actually no troops out in front of No. 2 Company's line
on the main road. Thus if the Germans had only known,
they could have advanced along the road and taken the
whole of the baggage without opposition. In fact,
lieut. Shaw of the Carrier Coi^, who walked down this
road with fifteen cases of ammunition, found himself
before he knew where he was in amongst the Germans,
and was forced to give himself up.

A number of carriers were sent up to the front and
gradually most of these loads were withdrawn to No. 4
Company perimeter.

Major Roberts' second position became untenable, and
orders had to be given for a general retirement to the
Mission. Luckily for the Nigerians, the enemy had had
all that they wished, and were not desirous, for any more
fighting this day. They therefore did not follow up
Major Roberts, who was permitted to complete his
retirement without further fighting. The Namupa
Mission was reached at 7 p.m. Thus von Lettow had
achieved his object, for Col. Maim was now left isolated
without any immediate chance of assistance. No doubt
the German Commander-in-Chief regarded Col. Maim and
his troops as good as defeated, and looked upon it as only
being a matter of time before he took the whole of
them prisoners. The previous chapter shoWs how this
catastrophe was avoided.

On the 15th October the 3rd Nigeria Regiment was
ordered to be in readiness to move from Chirumaka
towards Mtama as a reserve to Linforce. Further orders
were to be issued later by the G.O.C. of that foice.

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 221

Colmim IV had moved out two days before, and had
made an outflanMng march south of the Lukeledi, with
orders to cut the Massassi road south-west of Mtama and
to move to that place from the west, whilst Column III
advanced from Nyengedi south-west on to Mtama.
Orders were received by the 3rd Battalion to follow
Column m. The Nigerians on the 16th October had
received considerable reinforcements, and this battalion
now consisted of twenty-five Europeans and five hundred
and twenty native rank and file. They arrived at Mtama
at about 8 a.m., and there gained touch with Columns III
and IV, who previously had met at Mtama, the enemy
having retired towards Mahiwa. The march was resumed
at about 9.30 a.m. and Nyangao was reached about i p.m.,
the distance being about six miles. Later in the day the
G.O.C. linforce placed the 3rd Battahon under the
orders of Gen. O'Grady. Colunm IV had moved out of
N37angao towards Mahiwa, and had almost immediately
got into touch with the enemy — Column III remaining
in support during that night. Native information was
received to the effect that Nigerian troops (ist Battalion
and Gambia Company) had been engaged with a party
of the enemy just north of N37angao early on the i6th,
but had moved back again towards the north-west before
the arrival of Columns III and IV.

The 3rd Nigerians moved at 7 a.m. on the 17th, in
advance of Colunm III, along a track running north-west
from Nyangao, which was the same path that had been
followed by the ist Battalion on the i6th. Less than a
mile from Nyangao the camp that had been occupied on
the night of the I5th-i6th October by the ist Battahon
was passed by the 3rd Battahon. This battahon pro-
ceeded on for about another mile till they came to some

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 223

the bush was very thick and thorny, it was decided to
return to the spot from which Gen. O'Grady had turned
off, and to follow his telephone wire. On reaching this
spot the InteUigence Of&cer of Column III was found
waiting to guide the 3rd Battahon to Column JII, but
as it was now 11 p.m. and the ipen were tired, and as
firing had completely ceased for some time, it was decided
to bivouac there for the rest of the night, and to join
Coltunn III early the next morning. Gen. O'Grady
was informed of this, and approved.

Early on the i8th food and water arrived, and a start
was eventually made at about 7 a.m., and touch was
gained with Coliman III by 7.30 a.m. Orders were now
received to proceed west along a track and endeavour to
gain touch with the 2nd and 4th Battalions, who were on
the Mahiwa river without food and ammTmition, and to
escort them back to Nyangao. This was accordingly
done, and one company of the battalion arrived at the
camp and formed the rearguard to the 2nd and 4th
Battalions, just leaving for their march to Nyangao — ^as
stated in the last chapter. The battalion proceeded
west along this track after having met the 2nd and 4th
Battahons, as they were at the time under orders to
attack some high ground west of the Mahiwa river ; these
orders, however, were cancelled, and one company of the
battalion was now told to dig in across the track leading
west -to Mahiwa, and there to protect the right flank of
Column III, while the other three companies were given
a compass bearing to march on so as to bring them to
the Headquarters of Coliman III, which was then about
one mile distant. They were instructed to attack any
enemy whom they met and who might be endeavour-
ing to outflank Column III, and in the event of not

222 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

cross roads at which a halt had been previoxisly ordered,
and here information was received from Gen. O'Grady
that Colmnn III had turned off west from the late
1st Battalion camp, and so the 3rd Battalion was ordered
to continue the march north-west, and to do their utmost
to extricate the ist Battalion and Gambia Company, who
were reported to be at Namupa Mission. News had
already been received that the Nigerians had suffered
heavy casualties the previous day. The ist Battalion
had reported that their patrols were unable to get out
of the Mission station towards Nyangao on the morning
of the 17th, owing to the presence of the enemy. By this
time Columns III and IV were both heard to be heavily
engaged with the enemy, and accordingly the 3rd Battalion
moved on and reacfted the Mission station at about
I p.m., without encotmtering any opposition. The
1st Battalion was found to be entrenched at the Mission
and with them the whole of the second line transport of
the Brigade. During the afternoon the move back to
Nyangao was successfully carried out.

At about 5 p.m. the Staff Captain of Column III
arrived with orders from Gen.i^O'Grady, instructing the
3rd Battalion to follow on and join Colunp III, who by
this time had suffered extremely heavy casualties, as soon
as the 1st Battalion with all their wounded had safely
returned to Nyangao.

The 1st BattaUon was clear soon after 5 p.m., and
in consequence the 3rd Battalion moved back, and on
reaching the cross roads at which the first halt had been
made that morning, turned off south-west according to
orders, and marched towards the sound of Column Ill's
firing. The track eventually got lost in bush, and, as it
was now quite dark and the firing had died down, and

^^^

r.

r

A STORES (iUX IN AC'IIOX IN THK LINDI ARFA

Mil E THE PURST

224 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

encountering any hostile forces, to report themselves to
Gen. O'Grady at his Headquarters as soon as possible.

On arriving kt Column Ill's Headquarters without
having met any opposition, the battaUon, less one com-
pany, was ordered to continue the firing hne of Colmnn III
to the left, towards Column IV, whp were in action some
500 to 1000 yards further to the left.

Matters began to appear somewhat critical at this
moment, so two companies advanced at the double, and
took up a positicm on the left of Column III, leaving only
one company in support. Later this company was com-
manded to take up a position on the right of Colimm III
with the light flank well thrown back. A gap between
the left of Colmnn IV and the right of the two companies
of the 3rd Battalion was first filled by a himdred Kash-
miris, but these were eventually withdrawn and their
place was taken up by the Gambia Company, who had
arrived at about i p.m.

At 3 p.m. the O.C. of the 3rd Battalion was informed
that it was the intention of the G.O.C. to withdraw
Column III to some high ground just north of Nyangao,
and that the 3rd Battalion was to cover the withdrawal,
for it was his intention to get all other troops out of the
firing line as soon £is possible. The company that was
stiU out on the track leading to the Mahiwa was to remain
there till 2 a.m., and was then to send one section forward
on patrol while the other sections withdrew. The
3rd BattaUon, less this one compaity, was to remain in
position till 11 p.m., by which time the new position would
have been taken up.

At 5 p.m. the King's African Rifles and Gambia Com-
pany were withdrawn from the firing line and the 3rd
BattaHon's company on the right was extended out to

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 225

the left, till they gained touch ^vith the 3rd Battalion's
companies on that flank. This company was digging In
a new line When the enemy made a strong counter-attack
at about 5.15 p.m., which lasted tiU 6.30 p.m., and dining
the whole time was most determined. It was, however,
successfully driven off, and the enemy withdrew at 6.30.
This 3rd Battalion remained in position according to
orders, and did not retire till 11 p.m., when it fell back
to its position in the new line at about 2 a.m., without
any fresh disturbance from the enemy.

The casualties sustained on the i8th by the 3rd
Battalion were Lieut. Ryan and Sergt. Tomlin killed,
about six other Europeans wounded, fifteen rank and file
killed, and a further fifty natives wounded.

The compeiny which was left on the Mahiwa road,
though they were in touch with enemy patrols all day,
suffered no casualties.

On the morning of the i8th the ist Nigeria Regiment
and the Gambia Company were encamped at Nyangao
when they received orders to move out at 9 a.m. in
support of the King's African Rifles. They were to use
the same path by which they had arrived from the
Mission, passing through their old perimeter at " Z " (see
sketch). From near " Z " they deployed and advanced
east for about 300 yards, when further orders were
received instructing them to move about 1000 yards
south, and there support a K.A.R. battalion that was in
dif&cvdties. During the day the ist Battalion remained
in support, but No. i Company was later in the afternoon
pushed up into the firing line. The Gambia Company,
however, did some very useful work, as already described,
with the 3rd Battfdion. It is most regrettable that
Capt. Waters was mortally wounded in this action

15

226 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

when in command of the ist Battalion's advance com-
panies. For his services in this action he was awarded
a posthumous bar to his .Military Cross.

In the fighting at Mahiwa, between the 15th and
i8th October, the Nigerian Brigade suffered 528 casual-
ties of all ranks, of which 38 were Europeans. The
percentage of casualties was extremely high, for it
must be remembered that the Brigade w^s by no means
up to strength when it went into this action ; but the
Nigerians did not suffer such a heavy proportion of
casualties as the Legion of Frontiersmen (Roya l
Fusiliers ), who went into this acti on on the 17th
October laoTtrong, and came out only 50 strong. Their
casualties occurred mostly when trying to cross the
Nakadi river near point " Y " on the sketch. In this
action Lieut. Ryan of the 3rd Battalion lost his brother,
who was killed when leading his platoon of Royal Fusiliers.
Thus both brothers were killed within a very short
distance of each other on the same day and ia the same
action.

This battle was one of the biggest engagements ever
fought on African soil from the point of view of casualties
on both sides — 'not excluding the great Boer War, the
various campaigns in Egsrpt and the Sudan, and the
Italian Abyssinian campaign. At Mahiwa the British
lost ^00 casualties out of a total strength of 4900 infantry
emplojTed ; thus the British losses were above 50 per cent,
of thfe number of troops engaged.

Though the various columns were meant to be eqioi-
valent in strength to infantry brigades, their numbers
were only — Column III, 1500 strong; Column IV, 1700
strong; and the Nigerian Brigade, 1750 strong. The
Qenam casualties in this action were also extremely

THE BATTLE OF MAHIWA 227

heavy, as they suffered especially in their attacks on
Col. Mann's position and against the ist Battalion and
Gambia Company on the i6th October. In fact, their
losses were so serious that they suffered later in morale,
and with one exception never again made a determined
stand against the British. I hope that some day a
detailed account of the whole battle of Ma^wa will be
written, as it is deserving a place in mihtary history, for,
besides being one of the greatest battles ever fought in
Africa, it had far-reaching results on the rest of the
campaign in German East Africa. In it whole companies
of Germans were wiped out, and others so broken up
that they were forced to amalgamate two or three com-
panies into one. But from the point of view of this
narrative, Mahiwa proyed the indomitable courage of
Nigerian native troops in action ; though various units
of the Brigade withdrew from the j&ght battered and
bleeding, never was the spirit of the men better nor their
morale so high as it was at the end of this battle. Those
who had gone through this action unscathed were now
seasoned soldiers, and, as such, fit to face anything they
were likely to , meet in East Africa. In these few days
they had beep through hunger, thirst and fatigue, had
been exposed to high explosive shell fire and mathine-
gun and rifle fire from every side, and yet never once
were they depressed in spirit — a. fact that the Hims learnt
to their cost, for the pick of the German forces had been
used against the Nigerians, with the result that they
had been denied the fruits of victory, and been forced'
to withdraw Ucking their sores.

The result of this battle, which lasted without inter-
mission for four days, and was the most serious ever
fought in the whole campaign, was indecisive. Though

228 NIGERIAJfS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

our casualties were heavy, we could better afford to suffer
losses than the Germans at this stage of the campaign,
and though the enemy had fought with the desperation
and courage of despair, they were only able to check
temporarily the British advance.

During aU this fighting around Mahiwa, the Nigerian
Brigade saw a good deal of Gen. G'Grady. His personal
example in the firing line did much to inspire the men of
his column, for wherever the fighting was heaviest/ there
the General would always be found, personally inspiring
all rajiks by his presence in the front line, and inciting
aU "to give the bhghters brass, Begorra ! " It was
during the battle of Mahiwa, when matters were looking
at their worst, that Gen. G'Grady was seen walkijig up
and down the line accompanied only by an orderly and
inquiring of every one if they had seen O'Mara, his dog.
Such coolness under fire does more to inspire native
soldiers to do big things than anj^hing else on earth.
The gallant General is a most remarkable son of Erin, a
bom leader of men, who appears to revel in a real hot
fight and to thrive on the smell of powder.

The i8th October was the last day of the Mahiwa
battle, though a demonstration was made against the
enemy's position during the 19th.

CHAPTER XIV

THE ACTION OF MKWERA

DURING the night of iSth-igth October the
ofl&ce^ commanding the Nigerian Brigade received
orders from Gen. Beves that the Nigerian Brigade
was to attack the enemy's position at dawn on the 19th.
Fortmiately for the Brigade this order was cancelled
by the G.O.C.-in-C, otherwise I doubt if this book
would ever have been written, as it is quite possible
that if the Brigade had attacked again they would have
suffered extremely heavy casualties. j

On the 19th October the command of the Lindi Force
was taken over by Gen. CunHfEe, who had rejoined the
Brigade earher on this day at Nyangao. Col. Mann
continued temporarily to command the Nigerian Brigade,
whilst Lieut.-Col. Sargent reHnquished the command of
the 4th B^ttaHon in order to accompany Gen. Cimliffe as
his General Staff Officer. Later, Capt. Milne-Home of
the 3rd Battalion was appointed Staff Captain to the
Lindi Force. Gen. Cunhffe returned to Mtama, which
was then the Linforce Headquarters. A big draft joined
the Brigade on this day, consisting of 16 officers,
8 British N.C.Os., and 512 rank and file. Thus the
battalions were once again brought up to their original
strength.

During the 19th a demonstration was carried out
against the German position by the British artillery and

230 NIGERIANS IN GEEMAN EAST AFRICA

a battalion of King's African Rifles. The demonstration
was extremely noisy, but I doubt if it achieved much.
Except for patrol encounters the last ten days of October
were uneventful. Advantage was taken by the lull to
allot the new draft to the different battalions. A centre
at Lindi was formed for the training of recruits who up
to this time had not passed musketry. Reinforcements
were hurried up from the base to the Mahiwa position,
and all preparations were made for the final offensive.

On the 22nd the enemy returned three wounded
Nigerian soldiers. These stated that after the battle of
the i6th October they were picked up by the enemy
and taken to a field hospital, in which there were quite
k hundre4 German Askaris, amongst whom during the
night of the I7th-i8th October between fifteen to twenty
deaths occurred. One of these returned soldiers was a
Cameroon man, who had at one time been a German
soldier, and knew a certain amount of the German lan-
guage. All the Europeans, he stated, seemed to be
deploring their very heavy casualties, and the impossi-
bility of breaking through the British. The fact that
these three men were decently treated by the enemy
does not mean that the Germans were canying out their
usual role, but rather that these men were exceptions
to the rule. After the battle of Mahiwa on the 20th,
and on other dates, search parties went out all over the
old scenes of fighting, and all brought back the most
terrible reports of German brutality. Indian a'nd Nigerian
soldiers, whio had obviously been wqjinded in the different
actions, had been bayoneted later, in the most indecent
manner, as they were crawUng to places of safety. Any
number of men were in this way obscenely murdered by
the enemy. This kind of treatment of woimded would

Sketch-Map of the Battle of Mkwera.

THE ACTION OF MKWERA 231

be expected in savage warfare, but it was hardly counted
upon when fighting another so-called civilized nation.
It is impossible to set down here the German brutality
in detail, as mi^ch is not fit for print, but it is enough for
me to say, that when some years ago I was in an action
against a cannibal tribe in Nigeria, the canmbals' treat-
ment of the woimded was not much worse than the
Germans' treatment at Mahiwa. Capt. Stretton's small
Nigerian "boy," aged ten years, was found with his
body a mass «f bayonet wounds-r-a victim of foul murder.
Close to the boy's corpse was found the ist Battalion's
pet monkey, which had been shot at close quarters and
then had a bayonet driven through its body. These are
only examples of the brutality of a nation tha^ can sing
a Te Deum over the sinking " Lusitania," and in cold
blood shoot the master of the " Clan MacTavish " because
he had tried to defend his ship. They are just hall-marks
of the " Beast."

The biggest patrol encovmter that took place d\uing
the last few days of October occurred on the 24th, when
a reconnaissance consisting of the 2nd BattaUon and one
gun of the Nigerian Battery proceeded out north-west
from Nyangao, with the object of ascertdining the
strength of the enemy in position west of the scene of
the 1st Battalion's action of the i6th. The enemy were
encoimtered near the Mahiwa river. They opened a
heavy fire upon the reconnoitring force with guns,
machioe-guns, and rifle fire. Capt. Gardner of the
2nd Battalion, Lieut. Edwards of the Nigerian artillery,
and six rank and file were wounded ; the first-mentioned
was wounded seriously. Similar patrols, but on a smaller
scale, went out on the ,22nd, 23rd, 25th, 28th and 29th.
On the 28th a ^arp engagement ensued between a

232 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

3rd Battalion company and a strong party of the enemy
who were entrenched in their old position at Mahiwa.
The enemy's machine-gun was silenced, but Capt.
O'Connell was wounded, and four rank and file were
also either kiUed or woimded. All the time that the
1st Battahon were in camp with Column IV they never
had a dull moment, as the German had a " daily hate "
consisting of the putting over of a few shells uncomfort-
ably close to their camp. One morning I went to break-
fast with Major Roberts, and during the meal our party
went to ground twice hke rabbits, whilst the Boche shells
lobbed over the camp, bursting just outside the perimeter.
Every one in the ist Battalion seemed quite used to this
pastime, for they informed me that it was good for the
appetite to have a little exercise during the meals, and
further, it encouraged the men to dig good trenches, and
trained every one to take cover.

By the 6th November everjrthing was ready for the
renewal of the offensive. The enemy was still in strength
at the Mahiwa position, but they were being threatened
in their rear by a flying column of Gen. Hannjmgton's
force, and were in danger of having their communications
^o the south cut by the cavalry, who were working round
in that direction from Ruponda towards Massassi. The
Linforce too had been considerably reinforced since the
action of Mahiwa, the Cape Corps being amongst these
reinforcements.

On the 5th November a startling rumour got about
that a German airship had left Europe for German East
Africa. At first it was thought to be merely somebody's
joke, but later these rumours were confirmed, and there
was no doubt that an airship did start from Europe, and
actually managed to get some distance into the Sudan

THE ACTION OF MKWERA 233

before it gave up the attempt. What has since happened
to the Zeppelin no one knows, and if it ever got back
to " The Happy Fatherland " or not is still a mystery.
During the 5th November the Brigade, less the ist
Battalion and the Gambia Company, concentrated at
Njrangao preparatory to commencing the offensive on
the following day. The ist BattaHon, for the time being,
remained attached to Column IV. The Gambia Company
had by this time moved back to Mtama, and as from this
date they cea^d to form part of the Nigerian Brigade in
the field they no longer figure in this narrative. This
withdrawal was due to their weakness in numbers and
the necessity of retaining a unit with the Ijnforce Head-
quarters for duty as " guards " to signal stations, dumps,
etc., and to dig up abandoned German ammimition and
stores, and to perform the thousand and one necessary
and valuable, though xmromantic, duties connected with
an advance. The advance was commenced at 4 a.m. on
6th November. The 3rd BattaUon was in front, and
advanced via point " Z " (see sketch) across the Nkadi
river, from thence across the Namupa-Mahiwa road.
On arriving here the direction was changed to south-west,
and after crossing the Mahiwa river they arrived on the
Mremba ridge by 11 a.m. During this advance the
advance guard twice encountered some small enemy
parties, but in both cases speedily drove them in. The
cotmtry was dif&cult, and the bush near to the rivers
particularly thick, so that progress was slow. On arriv-
ing at Mremba the 3rd Battalion proceeded south along
the river in order to gain touch and co-operate with
Column IV, but this they failed to do. During all
this time Colmnn III, with the Cape Corps, had been
heavily engaged at Mahiwa itself, but the Germans were

234 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

at last forced to retire from this posiMon owing to shell
fire and the fear of the cutting of their line of communi-
cation by Nigeriarts operating on their left flank. The
enemy now took up a position at llkwera, to which place
they were followed by Gen. O'Grady. At 2.50 p.m.
orders were received by Brigadier-General Mann to pro-
ceed towards Mkwera and co-operate with Gen. O'Grady,
who was then heavily engaged. There was some delay
in carrying out these orders through the 3rd Battahon
having to be withdrawn from a position they had taken
up on the Mahiwa river south of the Mremba Hill, and
also because the 4th Battalion had been instructed to
water at the Mahiwa river. The Brigade, therefore, was
not ready to move till 4 p.m., the 2nd Battalion remain-
ing behind at Mremba, where they had to take up a
position. The main road at Mahiwa was not reached
till 6 p.m., whilst the rearguard did .not arrive in till long
after dark. The Nigerians were thus too late to be able
to give assistance to Gen. O'Grady this day, during which
time the Cape Corps had had a very sharp action, and
had suffered heavy casualties. It was most unfortunate
that the Nigerian Brigade had been forced to spend so
barren a day, in spite of the fact' that they had marched
from 4 a.m. tiU 6 p.m., seemingly to httle purpose.

Soon after our arrival at Mahiwa it came on to rain,
£&id promised to be a poisonous night. The terrors of
the night, as far as I was concerned, were greatly increased
by the " buffalo bean." It is quite possible that my
reader has never heard of this vegetable. It grows on a
low shrub, and as one walks through the bush one brushes
off the short hairs which cover it with a velvet-Uke down.
At first the presence of the bean is not even noticed, then
slight irritation is felt round the bare knees and naked

THE ACTION OF MKWERA 235

arms while the hairs of the bean work their way into the
skin. The irritation gets rapidly worse as the hairs are
blown by the breeze up the legs and all over the body,
till the whole body is smothered in the dreadful thing.
The more one scratches the worse the irritation becomes,
and the more quickly it seems to spread. The only cure
known by myself is to rub dry earth into the skin, but this,
on a wet night, is impossible. The wet makes this dread-
ful complaint a himdred per cent, worse, till, maddened
with irritation, one roUs on the ground and curses the
bean, the bush on which it grows, and the coimtry that
has the audacity to produce such a bush. In my agony
I remembered once laughing on a former occasion at a
poor brother officer, who had been unwise enough to
take an alfresco bath under a bufialo bean bush. The
wretched man jmnped about as naked as God had made
him, yelling out aU the time for mercy. The sight was
so ridiculous that I, in my arrogance, laughed and mocked
the one in pain. I was judged and punished for my sin
that night at Mahiwa. This brings us to the end of " a
perfect day" that had consisted of a fourteen hours' march
Mnthout food, followed by a wet night and no sleep, all
brought to a climax by " the bean."

Early in the morning the Nigerian Brigade, less the
1st and 2nd BattaUons, moved off towards Mkwera,
the 4th Battalion leading. At 7.30 a.m. the advance
guard reported meeting a post of the Cape Corps which
was situated on the main road. From them we learnt
that the Cape Corps were in a perimeter camp 400
yards to the left of the road, and that Column III were
dug in about 500 yards to the left of the Cape Corps.
Orders were given to halt, and the 4th Battalion " dug
in " a line of trenches across the road, with one section

236 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST* AFRICA

on the left and the other three sections on the right of
the road. The remainder of the Brigade entrenched
themselves in the rear of the 4th BattaHon. The 3rd
Battalion patrol set out along the main road, but-they
had not passed the 4th BattaUon picquet by more than
100 yards before they came under teavy fire from the
enemy's post south-west of Hatia, losing four native rank
and file wounded. A patrol sent out to the north-west
met an enemy's patrol, and a few rounds were exchanged
before the enemy retired, leaving behind them one
dead Askari and one imwounded carrier. During the
day the ist Battalion rejoined the Brigade. An old
German camp was found at Mkwera in which had been
buried a considerable quantity of abandoned rifles and
machine-guns.

The enemy evidently left Mkwera on the previous night
in a great hurry, as the road in front of the 4th BattaUon
picquet was strewn with loads abandoned by German
carriers. One load contained the records and papers of
the 25th and 15th Field Companies, which documents
had only just lately been brought up to date. Another
load contained a brand new Prussian officer's field-grey
overcoat, which I still have in my possession, while
several other loads contained chickens and preserved foods
of aU kinds. It was noticed that some of the canned
food bore Portuguese marks, showing that they had been
lately looted from our southern AUy. Several papers
foimd in these boxes had been signed by von Lettow, and
by Muller, von Lettow's Chief of Staff.

On the 8th November Column III intended to advance
to Nangoo, but the road was held at Hatia hy what was
reported to be a rearguard of one or two companies of
the enemy. The 3rd Battalion was therefore ordered to

THK LU'.HT RAILWAY IX THE I.lXPl ARKA

ANOTHER rsK KOR THK F >Rn CAR

A MACHIXF tax IN AC! ION

DCRING THE i ATTLK OF M-CUERA

THE ACTION OF MKWERA 237

dear up the position so as to allow Column III to advance
without interruption. As there was no water at Mkwera,
Column III and the Cape Corps, both of whom had not
been watered for twenty-four hours, were imable to move
tin the afternoon, as it was necessary for them to obtain
water from Mahiwa before advancing. In the meantime
the 3rd Battahon, supported by the 4th Battalion, both
under the command of lieut.-Col. Badham, were ordered
to clear up the situation. At the time most of us were
very sceptical as to the truth of the I.D.'s report upon
the enemy's strength.

At 11.15 a.m. the 3rd Nigerians moved out of the
Nigerian perimeter, leaving the main road before they
arriA^d at the 4th Battahon picquet, and following a
path that led off half right into the bush towards the
Lukeledi river, due north of Mkwera. Here the river
flowed through a grass-covered " vlei " about 300 yards
across, which was heavily timbered on both sides. No. 10
Company, under lieuts. Hawkins and Catt, was advance
guard. As this company reached the " vlei " they
formed into extended order. A few rounds were fired
at them from the south, and orders were issued to halt,
since lieut. Hawkins could clearly see the line of the
enemy's position on the Mkwera Hill. This officer had
not long given his order when the enemy dehvered a
powerful counter-attack against his right, which was
repulsed by noon. The enemy immediately began to
feel for his left flank with the idea of driving a wedge
in between No. 10 Company and the main body. HaU
No. 12 Company was sent up to prolong the line of
No. 10 Company to the left. Shortly after the remaining
half of No. 12 Company, under Capt. Luxford, was
ordered to follow and to prolong still further the line to

288 NIGERIAJJS IN GERMAN EAST APRICA

the le^. This half company lost touch and direction,
with the result that they emerged in the open to the left,
and well in front of the remainder of the line. They
were immediately received by a tremendous volley from
the German main position, and suffered heavily before
they could fall back and regain touch with the left of the
3rd Battalion firing line. This mistake cost this company
50 per cent, casualties. At about 1.30 p.m. Capt. Ford,
who commanded No. 11 Company, moved up to the
firing Une to prolong the Une to the left. No. 9 Company
remaining with Col. Badham in support. Major Green
was in command of the whole firing line.

The enemy now began to feel along the Nigerian front
for a weak link in the defensive Une. Owing to the
temporary shortage of ammunition in the centre the
volume of fire had died down here. This misled the
Germans, who immediately deUvered the most deter-
mined counter-attack against the centre, coming out into
the open to a distance of fifty yards from the 3rd Battalion
line. At this close range they managed to get a machine-
gun into action and opened up a most deadly fire. The
machine-gun was, however, an excellent mark for the
3rd Battalion, and the two Europeans working the gun
were hit almost immediately. An attempt was then
made to capture the gun, but the enemy had machine-
guns on each flank of their position, which kept up a
heavy cross fire in front of the derelict gun, making it
impossible for anyone to come up to it.

An urgent message was sent to the ofiicer commanding
No. 14 Company, whose company was extended on both
sides of the main road, to co-operate with the 3rd BattaJion
by demonstrating against the German position on the
hill. This was carried out with three macMne-gims, two

TECE ACTION OF MKWERA 289

Lewis guns, and all the available rifles of the company,
and a most heavy fire was kept up for three-quarters of
an hour. At 3 p.m. 14 Company advanced another 200
yards, and from this new position reopened a very heavy
fire upon the enemy's position. They inflicted several
casualties on the German post at the bottom of the
Mkwera Hill on the main road. This demonstration
greatly reheved the pressure on the 3rd Battahon ; but
by this time the 3rd Battalion were being hardly pressed,
and Col. Badham, fdio had most of his battalion in the
firing hne, called upon Col. Gibb, the officer commanding
the 4th Battahon, to support him with a company.
16 Company, that had up to this time divided the distance
between 14 Company and the left of the 3rd Battalion,
moved up to the 3rd Battalion Headquarters.

The Nigerian battery and Stokes guns were in action,
but their F.0.0. had up to this time Mled to pick up
the target. By 3.30 p.m. the situation was by no means
cleared up. One thing was certain, and that was the
enemy were holding Mkwera in fcur greater strength than
was ever supposed possible earher in the day.

Capt. Hetley (16 Company) was ordered to send two
sections forward to support Col. Badham's left. lieuts.
Balnave and Dean were in command of these sections,
and had with them one machine-gun. No sooner had
they moved forward than Capt. Hetiey was ordered to
reinforce the right with his two remaining sections.

At this time the Nigerian and German firing lines were
within 100 yards of each other, and even closer than this
in the centre. The 3rd Battahon had suffered so many
casualties that they were unable to dehver a counter-
attack. At 4 p.m. the enemy's bugles sounded and a
determined counter-attack was deUvered against CoL

240 NIGERUNS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Badham's right. At first the enemy were partially
successful and managed to gam a foothold on the extreme
right flank of the Nigerian Hne, from which they poured
in a heavy enfilade fire upon the whole Nigerian front,
but after a fierce fight the enemy were driven back.

No. 10 Company had been in action on the right of
the line all day, and had suffered most heavily, every
European except Lieut. Catt having been hit. Great
credit is due to this oflftcer for his gallantry and leader-
ship during this day, for which he was later awarded the
MiUtary Cross. Lieut. Catt had been promoted from
the ranks only a few months before, and within six months
of gaining his commission he was appointed an Acting
Captain and awarded the Military Cross. It is most
regrettable that this brilliant career should have been
cut short so soon after this date, for within a few months
of Mkwera Lieut. Catt died of enteric at Lindi. His
death deprived the 3rd Battalion of one of their most
useful ofiicers.

At 4.30 p.m. Capt. Bumey brought up a company from
the 1st Battalion to reinforce the firing hne, and was
followed shortly afterwards by 14 Company, and later
again by 15 Company — ^both of the 4th Battalion. Just
before dark No. 2 Company of the ist Battahon arrived.
E|sidently the enemy had been badly punished in this
counter-attack, for shortly afterwards they withdrew,
being threatened by the Cape Corps on the east of the
main road. They retired in disorder, leaving behind them
a nimiber of rifles and much equipment. Their retreat
was accelerated by a party of the Cape Corps suddenly
faUing upon their ^right, and capturing a machine-gun
with very Uttle opposition.

The German casualties in this action were very heavy,

THE ACTION OF MKWERA 241

but the 3rd Battalion had also suffered badly, having
lost 133 casualties, including Major Green, who died of
vTOunds the same day. The 4th Battalion also suffered
17 casualties in this action.

The 4th Battalion, just before dusk, made good the
ground between the Liikeledi and the main road. After
meeting a patrol of the Cape Corps and another patrol
from the King's African Rifles, this battalion, followed
later by the remainder of the Nigerians, returned to their
old camp at Mkwera. The rough sketch of the Mkwera
fight may help the reader to foUow this action more
easily. Taking this action all round, it was one of the
most determined that the Nigerians ever took part in
during the East African campaign, and it was the last
determined stand made by the Germans in German
East Africa, for after it they usually contented them-
selves wiih strong rearguard actions only. Towards the
close of the day our heavy batteries got . into action
against the Mkwera position, but it is doubtful if they
served any useful purpose, as the fight was all but over
by the time they started firing.

I am not superstitious, but it is a melancholy fact, that
with the death of Major Green, 13 Company lost three
officers who at one time or another had commanded them
in East Africa; first Capt. Barclay, who was killed on
the 24th January ; then Capt. Norton-Harper, who was
killed at Mahiwa ; and lastly Major Green, who was their
original commander when the contingent sailed from
West Africa.

All the Nigerian dead after this action were broilght

in and buried inside the Nigerian camp, between Mkwera

and Mahiwa, on the north ade of the road. I sincerely

hope that the spot in which they are buried will some

16

\

242 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

day be permanently marked in lasting memory of the
Nigerian Brigade. General Cimliffe read the funeral
service over the two Europeans, while the i3-poimders
were thundering away about 200 yards in rear, and
Gen. O'Grady's column was heard to be in action on the
Nangoo road. The mise en seine was most impressive.

The Germans were in force at Mkwera, and very Hkely
intended attacking the Nigerian camp, but were them-
selves attacked first. There were probably from ten
to twelve German companies in this action — ^rather a
different thing from the one or two companies that were
reported to be present here by the Intelligence Depart-
ment ! Thp enemy, after the fight, fell back on to a
prepared position at Hatia, where they intended holding
the road again.

On the 9th November Gen. O'Grady attacked the
enemy's position at Hatia, but after a sharp fight he
failed to dislodge them. At 4 p.m. on ihe same day two
4-inch howitzers and two 13-pounders shelled the enemy's
position from the Nigerian camp, the range being about
2\ miles. At the same time Column III opened a heavy
machine-gun fire and Stokes mortar bombardment upon
the Hatia position. For one hour the guns continued
shelling this position as fast as they could be loaded.
At 5.30 p.m. Gen. O'Grady developed an infantry attack
upon the position, in which he suffered only six casualties
and gained his objective almost without opposition.
The enemy were completely demoralized by the gun-fire,
and retired, leaving many dead behind them.

During the past few day^ the Germans had abandoned
one 4.1 naval gun, over ten machine-guns, several hun-
dred rifles, and much ammunition.

On the 8th November a force from Gen. Hannyngton's

THE ACTION OF MKWERA 248

Division arrived at the Lukeledi, which had already been
evacuated by the enemy. Gen. Northey had had further
successes in his area, having captured 150 German
Europeans and 180 Askaris. A 4th Battalion patrol
brought in an enemy's Askari, who stated that he had
run away from Hatia during the bombardment on the
9th. Evidently from his story the Germans must have
suffered Hell in their entrenchments from our guns.

On the nth November the Brigade marched early in
the morning to Chikalala in order to support Column III,
which were ittacking Nangoo that day, but Gen. O'Grady
walked into that place without opposition. The march
was continued on the following day : the Nigerian Brigade
passed -through Gen. O'Grady's column at Nangoo about
II a.m. and arrived at Ndanda at 3.30 p.m. Ndanda had
been occupied by Column I of Gen. Hannyngton's force
on the loth of the month. Here we found 21 sick and
wounded Europeans, in natives, 17 German European
women, and 24 white German children. These had been
left behind by the chivalrous Boche. The Germans at
least paid us the compliment of trusting us with thdr
women and children, which is more than the British
would do in the case of the Germans in the light of what
had taken place at Tabora and other places in German
East Africa, where women prisoners with children were
subjected to every abominable insult. When the Germans
f ouiid their women or sick and wounded a tie to them they
never thought twice of abandoning them to the enemy
and Fate. Thus again and again German women had
to be taken over, fed, and cared for by the British.
Many of these same women were frequently most lax
in their morals, and were a constant source of annoyance
to the Provost-Marshal at the base. At Nangoo the

244 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Germans had abandoned 3 other wounded Europeans
and 63 Askaris.

The Nigerian casualties during the fighting of the past
seven weeks had been 305 killed and 725 wounded of
all ranks, of which casualties 77 were Europeans. These
numbers do not include casualties in the Nigerian and
Sierra Leone Carrier Corps, which were attached and
accompanied the troops through all these actions.

At Ndanda direct touch was gained with Gen. Hannyng-
ton's force. The arrival of Column I from the Kilwa
area accounted for the fact that the Grermans never made
a stand between Hatia and the Makonde Plateau.

CHAPTER XV

THE OPERATIONS OF THE MAKONDE PLATEAU

EARLY on the moming of the 14th November
orders were received by the Nigerian Brigade
Headquarters to send two battalions and a section
of guns as early as possible towards Giiwata, in order to
gain touch with Colunm II. If necessary, the G.O.C.
was to be prepared to reinforce this colunm. The ist
Nigerians left Ndanda soon after dawn, followed by the
4th Battalion, a section of artillery and the Stokes gun
section. Progress after the first two miles was very slow
because of the steep-sided dongas that had to be crossed
and the mountainous nature of the country. It was only
possible to advance in single file. Four miles out from
Ndanda the road passed over a succession of steep hills,
mostly commanded by greater hill features on the south
and south-east. Owing to the close proximity of the
enemy, every hill that commanded the road had to be
picqueted, which entailed very hard work for the advance
guard, and greatly delayed the advance. By 11.30 a.m.
the 1st Battalion had reached a point on the road about
6| nules south of Ndanda, where the road, after descend-
ing a steep hiU, turned west and led up a spur to the
escarpment of the Makonde Plateau. The country to
the east of this road was almost precipitous. Here the
advance guard conunander reported that the enemy were
holding the high ground, over which the road passed,

2«S

246 NIGERLLNS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

with two machine-guns. The Germans were in a position
quite unapproachable from the front. To continue the
advance this way would simply mean that whole com-
panies' would be mown down by machine-gun fire. It
was therefore necessary to develop a wide turning move-
ment, which was not complete until late in the afternoon.
By this time it was too late to contitiue the advance, so
the 1st Battalion bivouacked at the top of the Plateau,
and the 4th BattaUon, together with the remainder of the
main body, spent the night at the foot of this steep climb.
The small party of the enemy, who had been holding the
road with two machine-guns, retired as soon as they
discovered that the ist BattaUon had turned their position.
The patrols that had been sent out to the south-east
reported that they had failed to gain touch with Column II,
under Csl. Ridgeway. The reason was afterwards found to
be a fault in the map, which showed the distance between
Chiwata and Ndanda to be about three miles short of what
it was in reaUty. All the patrols that followed the map
must have gone north of this Column.

On 15th November tqe attack upon Chiwata was timed
to commence. Column III. blocked the eastern line of
retreat. Column II. had orders to advance along the
high ground to the west, whilst Brig. -Gen. Mann with
the Nigerians was to advance on Chiwata itself by the
centre route. The advance continued at daybreak, the
4th Battalion leading. After a slight resistance the
advance guard arrived at the outskirts of Chiwata at
noon. Gen. O'Grady was heard on several occasions to
be heavily engaged on our left. Some pretty artillery
work was witnessed about this time, when Col. Ridgeway's
guns on one ridge supported Gen. O'Grady on the opposite
ridge, the two ridges being about three miles apart. The

ikf^i^

RESERVE AMMUNITION CARRIERS

CliO'iSrNG .\ DEEl' VAl.Ll-V i'\ THE ^l\Kl>M:i: IM.ATEAU

liRINIlING UP SUPPLIES AT XDANDA

OPERATIONS OF MAKONDE PLATEAU 247

shells could be seen bursting along the edge of the precipice
that faced this ridge, along which Gen. O'Grady was ad-
vancing. Chiwata was a mass of Red Crosses, and where-
ever one looked one covld see them. They were painted
cm the roofs of houses, laid out in bricks upon the ground,
fluttered from tree-tops and flag-stafb, and later, on enter-
ing Chiwata, a Red Cross armlet was seen on every Boche
that one met. That the Red Cross was hopelessly prosti-
tuted, both here and at many other places in German
East Africa, there is not a shadow of doubt. At Chiwata
von Lettow's telegraph station was situated between two
hospitals. Though the Cross was not displayed over this
building, it was floating over the building on each side,
so near that it really made no difference. Hence Col.
Ridgeway, who had been in position within artillery range
for over twenty-four hours, had been imable to shell the
place, which at the very time was sheltering the German
Commander-in-Chief and his stafi. One must give credit
• to whom credit is due, and it is a known fact that the
German Principal Medical Officer had violently quq^relled
with von Lettow at Chiwata for his misuse of this hospital.
The Germans had only evacuated Chiwata that same
moming, leaving behind them all the British non-com-
missioned prisoners of war and both Indian and African
natives. The of&cers they had taken with them, with
the exception of one RA.M.C. ofl&cer, who had been left
behind to look after the sick. There were 67 prisoners
of war liberated here, of which 33 were Europeans.
Three of these Europeans had been in German hands for
three years. There were also found in the different
hospitals of the neighbourhood 96 German Europeans
and 510 Askaris. A very large proportion of these were
not sick ; though left behind in hospital, they were only

248 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

suffering from tiredness. The German Hospital staff,
which also fell into our hands, consisted of two medical
of&cers, seven European dressers, two European nurses,
and one priest.

I had the opportunity of personally talking to many
of these released prisoners. They aU agreed that until
comparatively recently their treatment had been by no
means good, but when compared to that meted out to
the native prisoners of war, they agreed that they had
Uttle to complain of. These wretched men had been
systematically bullied, and had been at all times forced
to work in chains, on the very poorest of rations — ^their
task-master being one Tsetse (I have spelt the name
the same as the insect, this being the way it was pro-
nounced). Tsetse he was by name and also in char-
acter. This creature, reputed to be made in the image
of his Maker, was a brute of the worst kind. The follow-
ing story is told about his brutality to a Hausa prisoner
of war. One of the prisoner's ankles was damaged by
the leg-iron, and a sore developed that at first only
lamed him. Instead of being handed over to the medical
authorities he was forced by Tsetse to continue working
till the ankle became so bad that he became a drag upon
the other prisoners on the same chain. He was there-
fore taken out of the chain and forced to go on working
by himself. When, owing to the bad state of his leg,
he was forced to sit down and rest, he was beaten and
kicked by this gentle son of the Fatherland. The sore
became worse, so that frequently the Hausa feU down
exhausted, only to be driven on again with blows. At
last death, in the shape of gangrene, released the wretched
man from further suffering. Tsetse's treatment of natives
was too bad even for the Boche, for he was later reheved.

OPERATIONS OF MAKONDE PLATEAU 249

being put in charge of the British European non-com-
missioned prisoners. These he also bulUed ; but Fate
had a surprise in store for friend Tsetse. When he was
in turn made a prisoner of war, his escort to Lindi con-
sisted of a few of his own ex-pri^ners. I hope that
during this long march he was taught to repent of his evil.
Another beast that was taken prisoner at Chiwata was
an tmder-officer named Schutz. His sphere of activity
was chiefly Tabora, where he had been in charge of
the European prisoners of war, whose treatment has
been described in another place. Schutz and Tsetse
alike were on our black Ust, both being wanted for acts
of cruelty. I beUeve they were both tried by a court-
martial at Dar-es-Salaam. I only hope that the punish-
ment they received was adequate for all the crimes they
had committed against civilization. It is a pity that
when one has to deal with wretched brutes of this kind
one cannot put them through the identical treatment
that they hafve meted out to others. I always think
Tsetse would have been a most beautiful sight with a
nice gangrene leg !

The advance of the three columns was continued on
the i6th November, the Nigerian Brigade less the 2nd
Battalion continuing to be in the centre, with the ist
Battalion leading.

The advance guard became engaged at 6.40 a.m., two
miles south-east of ChlAvata. The enemy had a strong
rearguard on the far side of a steep donga, and when
the screen of scouts arrived at the near side of this the
enemy disclosed two machine-guns. The Stokes guns
came into action immediately, and the enemy retired.
The advance was continued for another three miles, and
the advance guard arrived at the dry beds of the Mpangula

250 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

and Mwiti rivers at 8 a.m. Here there is a wide aoad deep
ravine, the far side of which had been reached before/the
enemy opened a very hot fire on the advance guard, who
now became heavily engaged. The column was held up,
which led to the ist Battalion being deployed, and the
section of the Nigerian artillery and Stokes guns came
into action. The enemy, fearing they would be out-
flanked, retired eastwards at ii a.m.

The Nigerian Coltimn continued advancing at 11.30
a.m. The advance guard from this time onwards was
always in touch with the enemy's rearguard, and shots
were continuously being exchanged. The advance was
necessarily slow, as the enemy disputed every yard.
At 2 p.m. the advance was checked by the enemy, who
were entrenched in a position west of Ngororo, and
covering the water supply — their left resting on the high
groimd on the west of the road.

A company of the ist Battalion was sent out to clear
this ridge at 2.30 p.m., but met with considerable resist-
ance, necessitating the G.O.G. reinforcing this flank
with another company at 3.30 p.m. The remaining two
companies of the ist Battalion became more closely
engaged as they came in touch with the enemy's main
position -on the road. At 5 p.m., as the enemy counter-
attacked the Nigerian left, 14 Company of the 4th
J BattaUon was sent as a reinforcement. The enemy
were repulsed and driven off at 5.45 p.m. The Stokes
guns did most useful work this day, and greatly assisted
in repeUing the German counter-attack.

Von Lettow ordered up two fresh companibs, with
instructions that the Nigerians must be driven back at
all costs, but his troops were tired of the imeven contest.
It was reported that the German Commander-in-Chief

THK AIlVAXCF. OX TO THIC MAKONOK PLATEAU

THE N[(;KR1AN CUX^ llEIN'l, l:RUUGHT INTO ACTION ON THE
MAKONUK PLATKAU

OPERATIONS OF MAXONDE PLATEAU 251

had a violent quarrel that evening with some of his
subordinate leaders, who as good as declined to continue
the attack against the Nigerians. It is said that these
same leaders, with their following, composed the iorce
that surrendered to the Nigerians two days later. The
Nigerian Brigade gained touch during the evening with
the 55th (Coke's) Rifles, which battalion formed part
of Column I, and had themselves lost touch with
their own column commander. Col. Orr. In this entirely
successful day the Nigerians lost only two killed and
thirteen wounded, whilst the German casualties are
known to have been far heavier — ^five of their Askaris
being buried by us.

We had only one white casualty in this day's fight —
Lieut. Winter, who was Adjutant of the 4th BattaUon,
and received what is commonly called a " BUghty " in
the leg. He was sitting down resting in the shelter of
a native hut whilst the ist Nigerians were in action over
a mile in front, the only parts of his anatomy that were
exposed being his legs. I personally was strolling up
to him in order " to pass the time of day," when to my
amusement lieut. Winter jumped up, 'and, after running
round in a circle like one possessed of an imclean spirit,
said, " Who did that ? Something has stung my leg."
On careful examination is was found that a kindly bullet
had lodged in his caJf, and had not had the indecency
even to draw blood. This meant for the lucky receiver
no more marching, work, or incessant fear of being
plugged by people who evidently did not wish one weU.
It was reported that others sat down in the place vacated
by this officer, with their legs out waiting for another
" Blighty " to arrive, but all in vain. Thus this officer
was for the second time in this campaign carried off

252 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

in triumph to the hospital and to the flesh-pots of
the base.

This reminds me of a few verses of a Rubayat that I
came across in' East Africa, written by a tired and weary
of&cer in the lean days of the Rufiji :

Awake ! A German in the hour of night
Has fired a shot that puts all sleep to flight,
And lo ! the leaders of the W.A.F.Fs. have caught
Fright of attack, thus all await the light.

Dreaming of peace, of plates with food piled high,
I heard a voice outside my hut to cry.
Awake, my little one, and man your trench,
'Tis raining, yet I leave my hut that's dry !

Here with a loaf of bread beneath the bough,
A flask of " dop," a tin of jam, and thou
O Boche, far banished in the wilderness.
East Africa is Paradise enow.

How often in this force " The Black Brigade,"
Whose oflicers are working night and day.
Has leader after leader with his pomp
Abode his hour or two, then went his way ?

Lo ! some who fought and loved the fighting best,
After a while back to the base were pressed.
And there have drunk their cup, with bellies full,
Have one by one crept silently to rest.

And we, that now are working in the room

They left, to double hours and extra duties' doom.

Ourselves wOl go to D.-S.-M. some day.

And when away ourselves make room — ^for whom ? ,

Oh, eat your rations, and your " dop " defend,
Lest " pinched " is that on which your joys depend.
Then rest, and lay yourselves on Hunger's bed,
Sans dop, sans bacon, flour and milk — sans end.

It is a pathetic little poem, and, though a parody,
well describes the feelings of all in those trying times.

OPERATIONS OF MAKONDE PLATEAU 253

But this is a digression, and we must return to the story.
The scouts sent out at dawn on 17th November found
that the enemy had evacuated their position on the
evening before. The 4th Nigerians were the leading
battalion, of which 16 Company, undfr Capt. Hetley,
formed the vanguard. The coimtry palsed through was
still very broken, and this necessitated a slow advance.

After proceeding for about three miles the vanguard had
arrived at a narrow spur that ran down towards the east
from the high ground forming the plateau. This spur
was conunanded both on the north and east by far higher
ground, and was situated a Uttle to the west of the
Luchemi. At 11.30 a.m. Capt. Hetley's " point," which
had descended nearly half-way down the valley, was
fired upon from the high ground on the east and north-
east, but by this time they had nearly managed to gain
the Luchemi valley, before they were finally forced to
halt. The road was commanded to the north-east, east,
and south-east by under features of the Makonde escarp-
ment. The enemy held the path with several machine-
guns and rendered the road impassable. This country
leading down to the Luchemi was far more difficult for
an advancing force than- anjrthing yet experienced in
German East Africa, and the fighting had now developed
into regular moimtain warfare. ' /

As the 2nd Company in the advance (No. 14) arrived
at the top of the spur, down which 16 Company had
already descended, a party of the enemy could be seen
retiring up the hills on the opposite side of the Luchemi
valleyi at a range of about 1500 yards. Two machine-
guns were immediately brought into action, and opened
up covering fire upon the hillside, on which the enemy
could be seen moving. Capt. Hetley had in the mean*

254 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

time been reinforced by half No. 14 Company. This
half company was sent out to the left flank at about
I p.m. with the idea of dislodging some snipers who had
taken up a 'position on the high ground north-east of
Capt. Hetley. They had a very bad experience owing to
the appalling nature of the coimtry, and instead of dis-
lodging the snipers they were nearly dislodged off the
earth themselves ! They came under very heavy fire,
and were extremely fortunate not to suffer any casualties.
A section of the 2nd Battalion who were sent out to
support this half company had one man lolled and another
wounded.

By 4.30 p.m. it was evident that it would be quite
impossible to advance any more tropps into the valley
without incurring very heavy casualties. Orders were
therefore given to two companies to work out on to the
high ground to the northrcast and establish themselves
there before dark, with the idea in view of working round
the enemy's right at dawn on the i8th. The Kashmiri
and Nigerian batteries meantime came into action and
tried to silence the enemy's machine-guns, but without
success. At 5 p.m. heavy firing was heard from the
south-east, which was apparently Column I in action.
The firing lasted till 5.45 p.m. The Nigerian Brigade
co-operated as far as possible with gun and machine-gun
fire. At dusk the Nigerians gained touch with a patrol
of the i/3rd King's African Rifles from Column I. The
enemy, now finding that they were threatened from the
.south-east, retired from the water in the Luchemi vaUey;
Shortly before dusk Gen. O'Grady was heard to be in
action far away to our left.

Throughout the day the Nigerian advanced troops had
been in a very exposed position on the spur, and suffered

OPERATIONS OF MAKONDE PLATEAU 255

in all three of&cers wounded and thirty-five other casual-
ties, but luckily none of the Europeans were serious
cases. These were the very last casualties to be received
in action in the Nigerian Brigade during this campaign.

On the i8th November the advance was continued
by the ist BattaHon. The enemy had retired during
the night. The two companies that had gone out to
the flank on the previous evening had to work over
very difficult country, but they met with no opposition.
Scouts that had crossed the stream at the south-east
end of the Luchemi valley were in close touch with
the i/3rd King's African Rifles on their right. This
battaUon had taken up a position covering the' water
after their action of the previous night.

The two remaining companies of the ist Battalion
were ordered to advance down the spur on which all the
fighting had occurred the day before, and take up a
position covering the water. From there they were to
send out patrols north-east and east, so as to gain touch
with Column III, and locate the enemy's hospital, which
was known to be in the Luchemi district.

At 9 a.m. one of the ist Nigerian companies was ordered
to advance along the north-east side of the escarpment
above the Luchemi, whilst a strong patrol was dispatched
east along the Kitangari track.

The patrol that had been sent out to gain touch with
Column III met with some slight opposition, but after
a few shots had been exchanged the enemy retired.
By II a.m. this patrol had gained touch with the Cape
Corps from Column III and the Beluchis from Column I.
Lieut. Hart of this patrol now went forward north-east
along the plateau. At 1.30 p.m. his advanced scouts
reported that they had met a white flag party consisting

256 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

of a British offtcer prisoner of war and a German officer.
These officers informed Lieut. Hart that there were
259 German Europeans and 700 German natives wishing
to give themselves up to the British, and also that there
were 25 British, 2 Belgian, and 5 Portuguese officers,
all prisoners of war, waititig at the hospital to be released.
The Germans were taken over as prisoners of war, whilst
the officers of the Allies were Uberated. The following
ibJigerian' officers on this day were set free : Major
Gardner and Lieut. Jeffreys of the 3rd Nigeria Regiment
and Lieut. Shaw of the Nigerian Carrier Corps.

A scouting party in the vaUey collected 299 rifles, of
which 159 were British, all in good condition, but the
enemy had managed to bum a considerable number of
other rifles. There was every sign that the enemy had
retired in great haste on the previous evening from the
Luchemi valley, for they had left behind them a com-
plete armourer's shop, a distilling plant, and much
ammimition and suppUes.

This was the very last time that any Nigerian troops
were destined to cross swords with the enemy in the
German East African Campaign, though stiU much
remained for the Brigade to do before their active part
in the campaign was to come to an end.

CHAPTER XVI

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION

ON reading through this account the reader will
be struck with the serious st^e in which it is
written, which will be misleading, because West-
Coasters generally are not inclined to be too serious.
Whatever one can say for or against Nigeria, it is a
country where laughter, rather than the reverse, is the
order of things. One seldom meets a down-hearted
Nigerian, be he either black or white. For instance,
when a master receives a letter like the following from his
late servant, he is not likely to be moved to tears if he
still has any sense of humour left in him. This letter
was written by a " boy " in Nigeria to his master, who
was an officer in East Africa : —

" My dear Master, — ^I hasten to write to you chiefly
to ask after your normal health. It is my greatest
pleasure to write you this letter in order to bring to yomr
understanding that I am still aUve thinking of you day
after day. Excuse me it will not be out of the way if I
relate to you various circumstances that happened to me
soon after you were sent away from Calabar. It was
about two weeks after you left me in the hands of Colour-
Sergeant X., then to the war in the service of the
Crown, that Sergt. X. terminated my appointment a
fortnight after without any reason being given. I left
here in Feb. 1917, and so to Lagos in search of work. I
17 ^

258 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

am now a passenger in this colony, a stranger in a strange
land. I shall be very glad if you will let me hear from
you because of the kindness which you have bestowed
upon me, since my Hfe is still in existence in this life of
battle. Remember that the post that you are now
holding is a patriotic and promineat one, and I am proud
o^ you, that I have a lawful master, who is now pushing
forward in this world, and also in this terrible war.
Remember, again, that you are now fighting for the right
and for the Crown, as well as to keep your people from
being fugitives.

" I was too pleased to hear that you are now entitled
to the title of Distinguished Service Order. May we pray
that you may one day be entitled to a higher title such
as General, etc., — I remain, Yom: old steward,

" John ."

The above letter may sUghtly amuse the reader, but it
must be remembered that it was written by a son of Ham
in all sincerity to his master in German East Africa, and
is therefore an insight to the native mind, and shows his
attitude towards the war.

No reference in this account has yet been made to the
pleasant days spent by most of the ofiicers of the con-
tingent in Zanzibar, where ten days' leave was from time
to time granted. Pages might be written on the curious
old town, which is half Arab and half European, with its
spike-studded doors, said to be reUcs of the days when
elephants were used as battering rams, the spikes being
so placed in the d^ors to give the poor beasts a headache
should they attempt to charge them. The pomp and
circmnstanCe of the old days are gone, but the old-world
atmosphere is still there. Of the kindness of the people

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 259

of the island to the Nigerian officers on leave one cannot
write too much. Many a happy hour was whiled away
on the " Stoep " of the dub in gazing over the blue
Indian ocean, and drinking cold drinks at pre-war prices.
But let the poet of the W.A.F.Fs. speak to us upon this
subject. The poor pen of the author gladly gives place
to the real geniiis of the bard : —

AN EPISODE IN THE CAMPAIGN IN
GERilAN EAST AFRICA

May- June 191 7

I. The Lament \

Squatting (not by our choice) on the Rufiji,
Foodless at times, and very melancholy.
Rolled flat as cyclostyles beneath a squee-jee.
Sufferers most frequent from the wobUes-oolly,
We of the " Nig.-Brig." felt not over skittish
When we went forth to hunt the elusive Boches,
Neck deep in swamps, with words robustly British
We cursed the Ordnance who issued no goloshes.

n. The Hope

To us repining thus Brigade Headquarters
Spake, " Ye who'd have ease awhile from Hun Askaris
Iifay now up-stick and leave this waste of waters.
And revel ten days with the Zanzibaris.

m. The Jouhnby

So up-sticked those to whom the word " Ndio " *
Had been vouchsafed by powers that be, God bless 'em.
And padded cheerful hooves past Behobeho *
Until they reached that beauty spot, D.SJf.'

1 Ndio in Swahili— Yes.

^ Behobeho— Scene of the axrtion of the 2nd Battalion early in
January, and captore of the gnn.
* D.SJL — Das-es-Saiaam, local abbreviation.

260 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

From thence the brave in dhows propelled by breezes,
The timorous in steamers made the crossing,
And all planned pleasures with wild wondrous wheezes-—
All that at least were not sea-sick from tossing.

IV. The Hope Fulfilled
(a) The Town

Nor are we disappointed in our fond hopes.

Walk the bazaar and watch the vendors selling, '

See how the ancient beggar with his wand gropes.

Blind in the eyes, he finds his way by smelling !

All picturesque in whites, blues, reds, and yellows,

Indians and Africans with clove and mango

Mingle their scents, and then the cheap-jack fellows

Show to what lengths experts' extortion can go !

Leave the bazaar — and mind you're wary at

Guides importuning — ^past the mart of shrill hens.

You will debouch before the Secretariat,

With jewels once resplendent — now with quill pens.

Still it retains some relic of its glory.

Spacious its halls and stout its doors brass studded.

We can well picture round it battles gory,^

And the great heads of elephants being blooded.

Pass to the Fort where guns of every nation

Show how the Dutch and Portuguese and Spanish,

Seeking in turn Colonial inflation.

Come, leave their marks behind, and simply vanish !

(ft) The Life

Are you fond of your sport or a glass of old port.
Or is it merely the spending of pennies
Which will make you forget the bullets and wet.
Would you sooner have cricket or tennis ?
You can get all these things, live richly like kings.
Play your bridge, sing in quartet or solo.
Kick a Rugby football, dance in the Club Hall,
Or show off your prowess at polo,

> It is alleged that all the doors were so studded to combat the use of
elephants as battering rams.

A STRKET IN I.INIU

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 261

Disguised as a toff, you can sampl6 the golf.

To your hand you'll find ready each plaything ;

Quite peeled of your bark you may swim about stark.

Or when draped take a turn at mixed bathing ;

And when those are over, return to your clover.

In which at the Qub you're residing ;

Gossip on the verandah or go and philander.

The war and its worries deriding.

After which my advice is — at still pre-war prices —

To sample gin, cocktails, or sherry.

And you won't have to try and enjoy every viand

From the soup to the crystallized cherry.

For perfection and plenty's purveyed to the twenty

Who sit in a state of hysteria-

At the yams they are told by the gallant and bold

F. G. C.,1 the " Old Man " of Nigeria.

V. Envoi

Now Nigerians all, pray list to my call.

And I don't think our feelings will vary.

Drink a bumper of gratitude for all the beatitude

Conferred on us all in club, field, and hall.

By lesser and greater, from the lowest club waitef

To the Hon'rable Chief Secretary.

Those days spent in the Island were the greatest gift
the gods could give a poor weary soul in the Rufiji area.

Whilst the Brigade was still in the Rufiji area great
alarm and despondency was caused amongst the " Brass
Hats " by the frequent use of the Nigerian code by
officers of the Brigade when writing to each other. It
was noticed that certain groups of letters were alwajre
recurring. Experts were called in to decipher these
mystic letters ; India, South Africa, and the United
Kingdom sent their astrologers to make plain these
hieroglyphics. At last one mighty man of letters read

* F. G. C.°=Brig.-Gen. CnnUfEe, Commanding the Nigerian Brigade.

262 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

the hidden meaning to be : " Send more whisky."
High officials of the lines of communication and tele-
graphs nearly died of shock, the war was aJl but lost, and
great was the " hate " that followed. Then an edict
was pubHshed in which any future user of this wicked
code was cursed by bell, book, and candle to eternal grief,
and East Africa knew the code no more ; however, the
officer in Zanzibar who informed a brother-officer on
the Rufiji, by means of this code, that he had at last
taught his little dog to swim, was excused the extreme
penalty of the law on accoimt of possessing so merry
a wit.

When the ist and 4th BattaJions, the Battery and
Gambia Company were all together at Morogoro that
station was anj^thing but dull. In those days the
4th Battalion and Gambia Company were out at Grut's
Farm, three miles from the township itself. The " Powers
that Be " were imder the firm impression that the enemy
were signalling to each other from near the farm by
means of lights, so two companies of the ist Battalion
were sent out tp camp for a week near to the Gambia
Company, their orders being to hunt the countryside
for the unauthorized lights. ThoSte were very cheerful
times. The officers of these two companies were out to
enjoy themselves, and there was never a dull half-hour.
Their camp was on the main road, frequented every
evening by " joy riders." The occupants of these cars
were sisters from the Morogoro hospital, who for the
benefit of their health were sent out motor rides every
evening. Great was their astonishment one evening
when they found facing them notice-boards and danger
signal of the A.A. pattern, which had been set up on the
roadside, asking chauffeurs to drive slowly, and to beware

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 263

of the school, etc. The travellers were also informed
that teas were provided. The iiltimate result of these
notices was to hold up all the cars on the road, whilst
the occupants were taken to a spot in the wood where
there was a big camp fire burning, and roimd the fire
had been arranged a circle of chairs, where all comers
were served with cocktails "dla Gambia " and other forms
of light refreshment. A most cheery evening was spent,
and the sisters were not among the least to enjoy them-
selves. The bush resounded with the laughter of the
fair sex, whilst the elves and gnomes nodded their heads
at each other in horror at the invasion of their ancient
home.

Talking about gnomes and other weird creatures of
the bush, I shall never forget my fright when I was first
introduced to the local Eve of the Rovuma area. My
first impression of her was a creature that resembled a
cross between a snouted pig and a good-looking Dachshund.
The upper lips of these Rovuma maids have been pushed
forward, in some cases over two inches, by inserting a
small black saucer-like object into the lip itself, just
where the male beast grows a moustache. It gives a
snoutish appearance to the local beUe, that is regarded
by the Rovuma beau as most fascinating, but is rather
terrifying to the stranger. If the lady is keen on her
personal appearance, she still further adds to her beauty
by slitting the lobes of the ears, and by means of attach-
ing weights to the lower portions, greatly increases them
in length, till they fall gracefully upon her shoulders.
She has reached her zenith of beauty when her lips are
pressed out two or three inches in front of her face, so that
her face is distorted out of all recognition, and her ears
reach down below her shoulders. It is wonderful what

264 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

the daughters of Eve, irrespective of colour, wiU do to
be in the fashion.

Another cheery period was spent at Eilwa when all
the Brigade, less the 3rd Battalion, were assembled there.
TMs was the last time that the happy family were together
in a place where enjoyment was possible. We were to
lose many of our best in the near future, but at the time
the sky was cloudless, and no one was depressed by evil
forebodings of what was in store for us. An attack on
the gimner officers' lines was planned one night, the chief
idea being to procure the wine of Scotland which was
badly needed by the Gambia Company and their guests,
who at the time were sufEeijng from thirst. I regret to
report that the gimners did not wait for the attack to
be developed, but prematurely retired into the bush,
abandoning their camp. The Gambia Company won a
bloodless battle, and returned to their own camp in
triumph, bearing with them the fruits of victory in the
shape of one bottle of port and another of " dop " — ^thei|-
only casualty being one officer damaged by falling into
a bath full of water. Those were happy dajTS, and we
thoroughly appreciated them. The relaxation was good
for all after the lean and dull days of the Rufiji. It
was good to find out that we had not forgotten how to
laugh. The chief pastimes at the Redhill Camp at ICilwa
were bathing and eating, whilst Uquid refreshments and
childish games of chance, such as " chase the ace " and
"whisky poker," were sometimes indulged in. The
geography book of one's youth would describe KUwa as
standing on the shores on an inlet of the Indian ocean,
its chief products being smells and tropical diseases ; its
exports Sisal and Germans ; its imports guns, ammuni-
tion, supplies, and British. The town is not financially

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 265

sound, as the value of its imports is far in excess of the
value of its exports. Looking down upon Kilwa from
the camp, the contrast of the white buildings from the
vivid blue of the water, the bright green of the vegetation
from the deep red of the rocks and cUflEs, all went to form
a beautiful picture ; but, like all tropical seaports of
Africa, it is more beautiful from a distance than at close
quarters. The local Town Coundl do not seem to trouble
themselves too much about sanitary matters and the
congested areas problem. Many of the chief buildings
of the town have suffered badly from shell fire, and
general signs of decay are to be seen everywhere.

Many references have been made in this narrative to
" dop " or Cape brandy. It must be explained that
this was a ration in East Africa, though its issue was
somewhat of a mysterious nature, only understood by
members of the supply corps and the more brilliant of
our quartermasters. " Dop " was said to be issued on
three days a week, but try as hard as one could, one could
never arrive at a station on a " dop " day. The old
saying that " to-morrow never comes " was equally true
of the " dop " issue. " ' Dop ' yesterday and ' dop '
to-morrow, but never ' dop ' to-day " is a quotation fiom
that extremely clever work " Jambo," by Capt. Lloyd of
the Legion of Frontiersmen (25th Royal Fusiliers) and of
Punch fame. We hope that his woimd received on the
17th October, during the action at the Nakadi river, in
the battle of Mahiwa, has in no way taken from his
cunning ! Again, the quantity of " dop " that consti-
tuted a ration could be weU described by Euclid's defini-
tion of a point — " It had position, but no magnitude."
Its colour was also curious, for one day it was pale brandy
in tint, and the next was a cross between ink and gum in

266 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

appearance. When the supply people wanted to give
the troops a real treat " dop " was issued in old kerosine
tins, which greatly improved its bouquet. It varied so
in quantity, colour, taste, and smell that one could almost
write a thesis on this one subject alone. However, " dop "
when obtainable, regardless of its various attributes, was
always welcomed.

A certain regiment, who were all brave men and true,
had a most wonderful liking for " dop " in any form.
Now a few men in this battahon were fellows of the baser
sort and they were not satisfied with the ration that they
were receiving, so they put their heads together in order
to devise a plan by which to increase the Supply. They
noticed a cask of the precious nectar standing outside
a certain supply " dump " not a thousand miles from the
Rufiji. Now the keeper of the " dump '■' was a man
that Uked flattery and a friendly talk in the evening with
anyone who came along. On this particular evening
he was especially flattered by a visit from several men
of this distinguished regiment, who engaged him in con-
versation, whUst one bold spirit attached a long rope to
the cask, taking the other end of the rope away into the
bush near by. After dusk that evening, should anyone
have been near, he must have wondered at the strange
noise of something rolling over the hard groimd in the
neighbourhood of the " dump " when no wheeled vehicle
was visible. Next day the cask was conspicuous by its
absence.

- On looking back through all that I have written, it
is an interesting fact to remember that when we were
fighting hardest in East Africa the English papers were
maintaining that the campaign in this theatre was at
an end. On turning over a few " cuttings " I came

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 267

across one dated i6th March 1917 from The Times. It
is an abbreviated report of a speech deUvered by Gen.
Smuts in England soon after he gave up the command
ill German East Africa. It is so remarkable in the light
of after events that I give it in toto : " Regarding East
Africa," Gen. Smuts said, " the campaign in German
East Africa may be said to be over. What is delaying
the absolute end is the fact that March and April are
the heavy rainy season. After April the Germans will
have to surrender or go into Portuguese territory. They
cannot hold out in German East Africa, and the Portu-
guese are quite perpared to deal with them. The German
Governor and his Stafi, the Commander-in-Chief and
other ofl&cers are still doing their best to keep things
going, but it is merely the remnant of an army that is
left, and not a formidable fighting force.

" All South African white troopl> have, with a few
exceptions, left the country, and the tampaign will be
brought to an end by the native battalions that I have
trained. I soon saw that white troops could not long
stand the climate. The native troops, who make splendid
infantry, have proved very good fighters ; they have done
magnificent work, and when the campaign is over will
be available elsewhere. In May they can move, and the
thing wiU be finished. ..."

It is hardly necessary for me to say that when we in
German East Africa read this speech we were a little taken
aback. It only helps to prove how our best statesmen
and soldiers can sometimes be misinformed, and are thuS
guided to be overbold in their statements.

Another remarkable misstatement that appeared in
the newspapers about the time of the battle of Mahiwa
requires contradiction. The statement was to the effect

268 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

that a greater proportion of European troops were taking
part in the campaign than either Indian or African
natives. In Appendix B will be found a complete sum-
mary of all vmits that were in German East Africa at the
time of the Mahiwa action in October 1917. The pro-
portion in the infantry in the field during this month
works out to be as follows : —

European .... 4 per cent.

Indian Infantry ... 29.8 „
African Native BattaHons . . 63.4 „
West Indian Troops . . .2.8 „

The proportion in the mounted troops were : —
European . . . .34 per cent.

African Natives . . .16 „

Indian . . . . • 50 „

The Appendix shows which troops were actually at the
front, and which were on the lines of communication at
about this period.

Whilst upon this subject, I will call attention to
Appendix A, which gives the names of every unit in
German East Africa at the time of the arrival of the
Nigerian Brigade in this theatre. It is interesting as it
shows how white troops were replaced by natives in the
-field. However, on the lines of communication and at
the base there were a very large number of Europeans
employed even up to the time that the Nigerian Brigade
left East Africa, as the following two facts will show. At
Ndanda on Christmas Day 1917, 1000 Em^opeans attended
a concert. They consisted of motor drivers, signallers,
supply units, medical detachments, and the divisional
headquarters. Early in September 1917, 2000 Europeans
attended a boxing contest at Dar-es-Salaam.

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 269

It is grossly unfair to both Indian and African troops
for English newspapers to make statements of this kind,
which are calctdated to diminish in the public eye the
great efforts and sacrifice made by the coloTured races of
the British Empire in this last and greatest of all crusades.

Whilst on the Rovuma a tragedy occured to a sentry
belonging to a 15 Company picquet. At 4 a.m. on the
22nd December the sentry was heard to call out. At
daybreak Sergt. Whittingham went out with two or three
soldiers in ordpr to find out what had occurred. To his
horror he saw at about 500 yards in front of the sentry's
post the man's corpse, and near to it was a han, lioness,
and cubs. When the brutes were disturbed they quickly
left their " MU " and the body was brought into camp.
On inspection it was found that the body had been badly
mauled and the back had been broken. This was the
third case in the Brigade of men losing their lives in
this way since the Brigade disembarked in East Africa.
Another case occmxed in No. 11 Company, 3rd Battalion,
when they were quartered in the Rtifiji area. On that
occasion a private on the extreme left of a line of scouts
was killed by a leopard. When his body was found it
had one paw mark on the face, and the skull had been
badly fractured internally. From the above it will be
seen that besides having to be constantly on the look-out
for the enemy, the men were frequently in danger from wild
beasts. In German East Africa everything possible that
a man could be up against, except cold, existed : Germans,
wild beasts, sickness, heat, hunger, flood.

In no other camjMiign could sickness have played so
important a part. Out of curiosity, on Christmas Day
1917, I compared those Europeans present in the 4th
Battalion with those tha^ had been present on Christmas

270 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Day 1916. There were only nine out of forty-two
Europeans present on both dates, and of these nine three
had constantly been on the sick Ust. That is to say, that
the personnel had almost been completely changed in
twelve months. The 4th Battalion was far better off in
this respect than any other battalion in the Brigade.

From time to time mention has been made of the In-
telligence Department, the agents of which at all times
were called upon to do most difficult and dangerous work.
Many of these officers were Dutchmen from South Africa
who had worked in German East Africa before the war.
Major Pretorius had hunted elephant all over this colony,
and knew as much of it as a man would know of his own
back garden. Many of these I.D. agents were exception-
ally brave men. I believe I am right in stating that both
the Victoria Crosses given during this campaign were
earned by I.D. officios.

Lieut. Harman, who was with the Nigerian Brigade
for most of the time that we were on the Rufiji, was
constantly patrolling rotmd the flanks of the enemy's
position, gleaning information first-hand of their doings.
He was a fine ts^pe of an old-fashioned Dutchman, brave
and as tough as a " trek " ox. He would go out for three
or four days at a time in order to make a personal recon-
naissance, with just enough food to last him and a ground
sheet to lie on, his only escort being half a dozen I.D.
scouts, usually ex-German Askaris. This Httle party
would get right round to the rear of the German position
and there lie up in the bush and watch the doings of the
enemy. But the Intelligence Department had its black
sheep like all departments, though most of their ofiicers
were really brave men. I have heard of one who, to
put it in the language of the Coast, " feared too much."

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 271

Many amusing tales were told about this unfortunate
man by some of these hard-headed old Dutchmen. The
following anecdote I have tried to set down on paper as
near as possible as it was told me by an old South African
belonging to the Intelligence Department. He tells the
story about a senior officer, but one who was many years
his junior in the knowledge of bushcraft and war. The
two were out together on a patrol. " When we start
the Captain is all the way asking — ^Where is the escort ?
Where is the escort ? and I reply alwajre that if I see
the escort it is no good, and if I do not see them it means
they do their work ia the bush and it is good. When we
come to some water the Captain asks — ^Is it safe to cross
over ? I answer that he is my Captain and it is for him
to say, but always he ask the same question of the escort
and if it is safe to go on. At last I get tired, and when
again he ask at a water crossing, I say : ' Look the
German foot ; he come, he go, he wUl come agiin.' He
ask again if it is safe to go on. I just say : ' He come,
he go, he will come again.' Then the Captain stop — ' We
will go back.' So we go, and I tell you that on the way
out his ass is eating the tail ofi my ass, and on the way
back my ass camiot catch up with the shadow of his
ass ! ! ! "

History does not relate the tenor of the report on the
above reconnaissance.

At times Uke those spent by us on the Rufiji when
m£tils were very few and far between, a few of the letters
that were received from home were a little trjong to us
hungry people. Try to picture a scene, kind reader, like
the following : An emaciated soldier dressed in rags of
khaki, dully eyeing the ration issue for the day, namely,
a little mealie meal and very little else, on which he has

272 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

eked out a meagre existence for weeks. The locality,
needless to say, was the Rufiji. To the wretched creature
— ^a scarecrow of rags and bones — ^is deUvered a mail.
He reads his letters. For a short moment he forgets his
troubles ; his whole being quivers with emotion only to
become Ustless again. One sentence in his letter from
the kind-hearted old aunt far away has had this effect.
My reader and I will glance over his shoulder and read
his letter (by the way I am not in the habit of doing this
sort of thing). We read : " We have found all sorts of
substitutes for ordinary food, which is now difl&ciilt to
procure ; for instance, instead of oatmeal at breakfast
in the morning we eat mealie meal porridge ; when you
come home you must try it ! "

In this book little has yet been recorded of the doings of
the personal boys of Emropeans. These young Nigerians
are worthy of special mention, for without them the lot of
the European would frequently have been made doubly
hard. As a class they were hard-working and faithful
to their masters. At the end of a long day's march or
fierce fight their work began. Diimer had to be cooked
and a bed had to be made. When everyone in camp had
a day's rest, the boys had to wash their masters' clothes
and do a hundred small things for their personal comfort.
Nor did they escape the dangers of the fight. Two were
kUled at Bweho Chini and another was murdered at
Mahiwa. I have seen boys cooking food for their masters
during the heat of a fight, only a few yards from the
firing line itself. For fifteen months many of these
youngsters never had a day's rest, and without grumbling
served their masters as only a black man knows how to
serve, with almost a doglike devotion, through hunger
and wet, long days and heat, hard fighting and long

BY WAY OF A DIGRESSION 273

marches. At the end of the day's work they were always
ready to laugh over the inisfortimes of the past twenty-
four hours. Theirs was faithfulness personified. Some
people in their ignorance maintain that black men have
no real affection. This I hold to be untrue, and only
proves that he who makes such a statement does not
really know the black man. I have known boys sit up
night after night within call of a sick master, ready to
do anj^thing in their power to lighten his suffering. One
boy I know of who of his own free will carried a machine-
gun into action after the team had all been shot down.
By this action he greatly helped to check the enemy's
advance. A few masters, I fear, do not sufficiently
appreciate all that their boys did for them during the
fifteen months spent in East Africa, and because a few
boys were thieves or scoundrels, they suspect every boy
of being the same, and forget that they would be in a
very awkward position if they had had no boy to work
for them. Seeing all that I have seen I take off my hat
to the boy that faithfully served his master through all
these long months. His life was no bed of roses ; he had
much to contend with ; he was often hungry, sick, and
tired, but his day was never over till his master was
comfortably in bed. He had always to rise in the morn-
ing an hour before his master, in order to make the early
morning tea or cocoa before the real work of the day
began. Truly he has earned the motto : " Semper
fideUs et unpiger."

i8

\

CHAPTER XVll

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN IN GERMAN TERRITORY

VON LETTOW'S movements after his action ai
the Luchemi were shrouded in mystery. His
strength was thought to be 300 Eiiropeans and
about 1200 Askaris. That he intended to cross the
border into Portuguese territory was a foregone con-
clusion, but before he finally went south it was equally
certain that he would attempt a junction with Tafel's
force, which was then known to be in the act of breaking
south from the Mahenge district. To prevent this
junction of the two main German forces^ was the first
consideration of the Higher Command, after which to
prevent von Lettow's escape south would be Gen. van
Deventer's objective.

On the 19th November the Nigerian Brigade com-
menced a concentration at Mwiti, whilst the 4th Battalion
was sent forward to Kitangeri. It is interesting to note
that this place was reported to be the site chosen by the
Germans as a landing place for the Zeppelin which was
due to arrive at about this date.

Column I was on the 19th November en route tot
Newala.

For the first time in the East African campaign the
German forces were known to be in full retreat. They
had been forced to give battle day after day for more
than two months, in which time they had been given no

274

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN 275

chance to rest. The result was that their morale and
strength was begiiming to fail, but it would be unfeur if
they were not given all the credit due to them for their
dogged resistance, faced as they were by invariably
superior numbers, except in the early part of the battle
of Mahiwa, continually being compelled to give groimd
even after fighting a successful action, and always losing
heavily in casualties, especially in their European ranks.
In spite of all this, to the very end they kept their tails
up, and fought a one-sided contest with indomitable
courage and exemplary dash, and they never failed to
leave their marks on their opponents.

In the seven weeks ending 17th November the Nigerian
Brigade alone out of an effective strength of 170 Europeans,
2246 native rank and file, suffered 78 Europeans and
842 rank and file casualties ; that is to say, over 45 per
cent. Europeans and nearly 38 per cent, of other ranks
of the Brigade were put out of action during this period.
Added to this a very large percentage of the Brigade
were already out of action through sickness and casualties
received in action dtiring the previous eight months.
Other columns had fared no better than the Nigerian
Brigade, and in fact Column III had suffered even more
heavily.

On the 22nd November, owing to Tafel's movements,
the Brigade was ordered to concentrate at Massassi.
This was completed on the 23rd November, and at about
the same time the enemy had made a further surrender
at Newala, consisting of z6o Europeans and 75 Askaris.

A part of the 4th Battalion had marched over 50 miles
in three days. The heat diuing this long march had
been teirrific, and the whole Brigade was suffering greatly
from fatigue.

276 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

An abandoned 4.1 German naval gun was passed by
the Brigade on the road near to Massassi.

Up north, Tafel had ha4 some minor successes recently
against Gen. Northey's troops, which had included the
captiure of two British food and ammunition convoys.

On the 24th the Nigerian Brigade and the Kashmiri
Battery continued to march south from Massassi, and
arrived on the 26th at a point on the main southern road,
13 miles south of Gongonuchi on the Bangalla river.
The disposition of other British troops on this date were
as follows : the 129th Baluchis were 6 miles west of
Luatala, having just completed a 40-mile march.
They had received orders to continue the march to
Luatala. The mounted column, consisting of the 25th
Indian Cavalry and a regiment of South African Horse,
both under the command of Lieut.-Col. Breytenbach,
were a few miles west of the Baluchis ; a patrol under
Capt. Nethersole and the 25th Cavalry at the Mwiti
river were in touch with the 129th Baluchis. Colimin I
was at the confluence of the Bangalla and Rovuma rivers ;
Column II at Naurus ; Colimm III at Gongonuchi ;
and Column IV was in reserve and split up on the lines
of communication with their headquarters at Nangoo.
On this day parties of the enemy were reported to be
in the Nawbingo, a hilly district north of the Bangalla
river.

At the time the 129th Baluchis were only 120 strong,
under the comn^iand of two of&cers in addition to their
commanding officer. The battaUon was also consider-
ably hampered by a large convoy, the carriers of which
were appreciably fatigued after a very long march.

The patrol of the 25th Cavalry under Capt. Nethersole
had been sent to investigate what had been reported as

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN 277

being an action between Tafel's force and a small British
Intelligence post at Tshrimba HilL The cavalry reported
that on the 25th November several companies of the
Germans attacked this post, but owing to the impregnable
position taken up by the I.D. the enemy gave up this
attempt to take the position, but unfortunately Capt.
M'Gregor, the I.D. agent, who was in conunand of the
post, was killed by a chance shot. The cavalry patrol
was on its way back to Breytenbach's Column on the
26th, when they met the rearguard of the 129th Baluchis
en route for Luatala. They accompanied the infantry
for some Uttle distance, Capt. Nethersole's intention
being to leave them at the Mwiti stream after he had
watered his horses, but they had not followed the Baluchis
for more than a few minutes when the Indians' vanguard
was heard to be in action. The vanguard had been
ambushed, and came imder very heavy fire from the front
and both flanks, and almost- immediately afterwards
the whole colmnn was in action. The Germans delivered
a bayonet charge against the Baluchis' left flank, in
which they inflicted heavy casualties upon them, and
partially broke their flank. The enemy attempted to do
the same against the right flank, but their attempt was
frustrated by the cavalry. On this flank the Germans
were caught by mounted troops in close order, in the
open, at a short range. Heavy casualties were sustained
by the Germans in this quarter, whilst they were in the
act of assembling to deliver a bayonet charge. The
commanding officer of the Baluchis was wounded about
this critical time ; the Indians being hopelessly out-
nmnbered by the enemy were forced to retire, which
they did in good order under the cavalry's patrol covering
fire. They managed to take up successfully a new

278 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

position, which they were determined to hold tillHhe last,
but for some unknown reason, at the very moment when
matters looked most desperate for the Indians, who had
suffered over 40 per cent, casualties in a few minutes'
fighting, the Germans retired south and commenced to
cross the Rovmna river on the same day.

To everyone's utter amazement a large party of Tafel's
force, consisting of 30 Europeans, 180 Askaris, 640
carriers, and 220 native women, came into the British
camp the same afternoon in order to surrender. Early
in the morning of the 27th a flag of truce was sent into
the Baluchis by Tafel, who offered to siurender with
62 Europeans and 1000 Askaiis. Tafel, Lincke, and
Schenfeld were amongst the Europeans wishing to ^ve
themselves up. The surrender was accepted and carried
out on the 28th. Otto had been with Tafel up to the
time of his surrender, but during the night of 26th-27th
he, with 5 other Europeans and 20 Askaiis, broke away
south in order to join von Lettow ; thus 95 Europeans and
about 1200 Askaris surrendered, after fighting a success-
ful engagement, to about 100 Indian soldiers. No one
was more surprised at this turn of events than the Baluchis
and the 25th Cavalry patrol.

Tafel's siurender must be put down to the fact that on
his arrival at Newala, where he expected to find von
Lettow waiting for him, he foimd that he had been
abandoned to his fate, von Lettow having evacuated that
place some days previously. He was thus isolated and
out of touch with any other Grerman column, and without
supplies. Had he crossed the Rovimia he would have
found himself in no better a position, as he could never
know when he would be attacked by overwhelming num-
bers. So iar as he knew von Lettow might have already

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN 279

been forced to surrender, or in order to avoid that had
bolted south into Portuguese territory.

Otto's action shows the style of man that he was. When
he left Tafel he cut himself adrift with only a handful of
faithful followers in order to go into the imkaown, not
even being aware from where he would get his next
suppUes. Otto, it will be remfembered, was an "old
friend " of the Nigerians, having taken a leading part in
the action of the 24th January, when he had been wounded
in the arm. ,News of this big surrender readied the
Nigerian Brigade on the same day on which it had
occurred.

On the 20th November Major Pinto, in command of
about 900 Portuguese native troops, arrived at Ngomano
from the south in ordw to prevent von Lettow breaking
across the Rovimaa at this place. Instead of preparing
a position for defensive purposes, this , column busied
themselves in laying out an elaborate camp near to, and
south-west of, the old Portuguese fort that stands on the
south bank of the Rovuma commanding the confluents
of that river with the Lugenda. The Portuguese appeared
to have had a picquet at the fort and another a few
hundred yards up the Rovuma river. On the 25th No-
vember von Lettow appeared on the Rovuma river a short
distance upstream from the confluence. The Portuguese
do not seem to have tried to prevent him crossing the
river. In any case the enemy worked round to the west
and attacked Major Pinto's force from the south, south-
east, and west. A few rounds of high explosive were
fired into the Portuguese perimeter from the north bank
of the Rovuma. The Portuguese hastily entrenched
themselves in rifle pits, which were, for the most part, '
not even bullet-proof. What the actual strength of the

280 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Germans was in this action it is hard to say, but it could
not have been more than 1500 rifles, and probably a good
deal less. The Germans appeared to have brought only
four machine-guns into action, and these were used at a
very close range. Our AUies fired at least 30,000 to
40,000 rounds from about 350 rifle pits. Major Pinto
was killed early in the fight, together with eight other
Eiuropeans. Judging by the graves, the Germans only
seemed to have lost one European killed in the action —
a Sergt. Bachmann. The Portuguese native casualties
were very heavy, and they were at last forced to smrender
with 700 Askaris, 6 machine-guns, a quantity of ammuni-
tion, and six days' rations for 150 Europeans and 1000
natives. '

TJie Portuguese were immediately relieved of all their
clothing, and the Germans, who were at this time in rags,
replenished their wardrobes. Von Lettow did not dare
to remain at Ngomano one hotu longer than absolutely
necessary for fear of the arrival of British troops. He
therefore left Hauptmann Klinkhardt, with one com-
pany as rearguard, at Ngomano, and he himself marched
south, using the Portuguese soldiers as carriers for all the
arms, ammunition, and supplies that bad fallen into his
hands. Before leaving Ngomano von Lettow smashed
up all his own machine-guns and rifles for which he had
no longer any ammmiition, and took into use Portuguese
rifles and British machine-guns, with which Major Pinto
had been armed. Every box and package that the
Portuguese had possessed the Germans looted. The
Boches' treatment of their Portuguese prisoners was very
different from that meted out to the captured Germans
at the Liishimi by the Nigerians. At the Lushimi not a
single German's load was looted. Carriers were supplied

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN 281

for their baggage, and their property was respected as
much as their persons. As long as a German was not
on the " black list " he was at all times treated with the
utmost courtesy, and given every latitude possible with
due regard to Ms safe custody.

Thus von Lettow escaped, together with the Ex-
Governor of the Colony and a force of about 1500 of
all ranks. A Berlin semi-official wireless reported that
1700 German Europeans and 9500 native troops had
escaped into Portuguese territory; this, it is needless
to say, was a gross misstatement of fcicts.

News of this disaster to the Portuguese reached the
Nigerian Brigade on the 2gth November, when they were
at Naurus. It is useless to comment further on these
fcicts. The reader must be left to draw his own con-
clusions on the whole aSair. On the 30th November
the Brigade moved to the Makanya river, cutting a motor
road for themselves as they advanced. This brings us
to the end of the campaign on German soiL By this
date there was not a German soldier at liberty in the
whole colony, and German East Africa was, a few days
later, dedaied a British and Alhed Protectorate. During
the month of November no less than 1115 German
Europeans and 3382 Askaris were either IdUed or cap-
tured, together with two 4.1 naval guns, one 4.1 howitzer,
one 70 mm. gun, forty-three machine-guns, and a large
number of rifles and much ammunition. Tafel's forces,
before surrendering, destroyed one 60 mm. gun, one
37 mm. gun, thirty machine-guns, and about 1300 rifles.

On the 30th November His Majesty the King sent the
following cable of congratulation to Gen. van Deventer :
" I heartily congratulate you and the troops under your
command on having driven the remaining forces of the

282 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

enemy out of German East Africa." On the 6th Decem-
ber Gen. van Deventer answered his Majesty's cable in
the following terms : " I beg to tender the loyal and
heartfelt thanks of the East African forces for your
Majesty's most gracious message, which has given the
liveliest satisfaction to all ranks, and has more than
compensated us for the hardships and difficulties of the
East African campaign." On the 5th December Field-
Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wired to Gen. van Deventer :
" On behalf of the British Armies in France I send you
and the gallant troops under your command our heartiest
congratulations on having completed the conquest of the
last German colony. The perseverance, patience, and
determination required for this achievement are fuUy
realized by all of us here in France, and command our
admiration." Gen. van Deventer's answer to this wire
was greatly appreciated, and endorsed by the whole of
the Nigerian Brigade : " I thank you most sincerely for
your congratulations. We foUow the splendid achieve-
ments of the British Armies in France with the greatest
interest and admiration, and are proud to think that
the East African force has played its part, however small,
in the great struggle."

An attempt was now made to catch up von Lettow.
Col. Bre5i:enbach's moimted colmnn was at this time on
the banks of the Rovtuna. A 25th Cavalry patrol had
actually gained touch with von Lettow's rearguard under
Klinkhardt. This officer had remained on the Rovuma
as long as he dared in order to cover Tafel's crossing
when he should arrive, and he was therefore some dis-
tance behind von Lettow's main body. The patrol,
thinking that they were in touch with a big force, with-
drew. It seems, however, unfortunate that they were

(;rnerai, vox lettow-i orf.kck

A\VAHr>En THE IKiW CKOSS, ItV WIRELESS, FOR HIS SEKVICES.
IN i:A^T AFIv1C,\, ami rWOMOTKI) MAJOR-GENERAL IN THE-
llEKWIAN" r.MI'EKIAL AK.MV

THE LAST PHASE OF THE CAMPAIGN 288

not greatly reinforced, for had they continued to trouble
Klinkhardt that officer would most probably have been
forced to surrender. He had with him only eighty
Askaris, who were greatly hampered by having with them
a large amount of heavy baggage, which included von
Lettow's own private kit and papers. The porters
carrying these loads were exhausted, and all were very
short of supplies.

Klinkhardt a few days later gave himself up on
account of ill-health. He stated after his capture, that
if all this baggage had been lost, very likely von
L«ttow would have been forced to surrender, and in
any case most of his European followers woiild have
done so.

We must now turn our attention to von Lettow. After
he had fought the Portuguese at Ngomano he marched
south. The nearest British troops to him were the
Nigerian Brigade at Gongonuchi, 55 miles by road to
Ngomano. AU other British troops were well to the east,
on the look-out for Tafel. Von Lettow at the worst
could count on two dear days' start of any pursuing
troops. His force was, however, very short of food and
ammunition, even taking into account that which they
had seized from the Portuguese. On or about the
8th December the Germans attacked a Portuguese post
on the Ukula mountains. This post had mov^ out
from Nanguri fort a few days previously, leaving behind
them at that place only a small guard over a very big
" dimip " of supplies and ammunition. The Portuguese
force on the Ukula surrendered after a stiff fight. All
the Europeans of this force were immediately set at
liberty after giving their parole that they would not fight
against the Germans again in Africa. After this surrender

284 NIGERIANS IN GEBMAN EAST AFRICA

the Germans marched to the Nangoar fort, which place
they took miopposed on the 12th December. Here they
captured 100,000 rations and vast stores of ammmiition.
This Portuguese fort was a well-built redoabt standing
in the ceatre of a huge clearing. The Lujenda river
flowed within a mile of the fort. It is therefore rather
hard to understand why these supplies and ammunition
were not thrown into the river before the arrival of the
Germans.

At Nangoar fort the German force broke up into two
parties, one marching towards Port AmeUa and occupying
Medo Boma and Meza, and the other column continuing
the march south along the Lujenda river, and eventually
during the latter half of December, occupying Mwembe
near the Mchinga Hills.

All this time the British forces were not by any means
resting on the British border, but were actively trying
to assist the Portuguese. The ist and 3rd Nigeria
Regiments crossed the Roviuna during the first week
in December, and immediately conmienced patrolling
south in conjunction with the moimted column and
the Intelligence Department scouts. An of&cer of the
3rd Battalion was sent to the Ex-Governor, von Schnee,
under a flag of truce on the 4th December, with a letter
from the British Commander-in-Chief informing the
Ex-Governor that, as aU the German troops had evacuated
the German colony, that colony was formally annexed
by the Allies. During the second week in December the
Nigerian Brigade and the Kashmiri Battery got up a
race-meeting for two silver cups presented by Brigadier-
General Mann and Colonel Badham. I should imagine
that it was the first time in history, and probably the last
for many decades to come, that a race-meeting of this

INTilW CAVALRY CROSSING; THE ROVU.MA INTO PORTUGUESE
TERRITORY

XIGKRIAV TRO()l'> KMI'.AKKIXC. AT I.INDI

THE LAST PHASE OP THE CAMPAIGN 285

sort had taken place on the German-Portuguese border
of East Africa. There were in all three races — a flat race,
a steeplechase, and a mule race for the natives. The
last was the most amusing to watch, for most of these
diaboUc animals behaved just as they wished, and went
where the spirit moved them. The whole country for
some acres round was covered by native Indians and
Nigerians who had been forced to give up the uneven
contest. After a day or two most of the mules were
collected, but not more than two or three mules ever
finished the race.

The ration question during the early weeks on the
Rovuma was not too satisfactory. Early on Christmas
morning parties were sent out from each company of the
4th BattaUon to shoot for " the pot." The hunter of
i6 Conipany distinguished himself by shooting an M.I.
horse in mistake for an antelope, much to the annoyance
of the M.I. Mills' bombs proved themselves most useful
in Ueu of dynamite for kiUing fish in the river. A bush
pig and a pigeon constituted the total bag of the com-
bined efforts of aU companies, not to mention the horse.
Very late on Christmas Day i6 Company's hunter re-
estabHshed his popularity by bagging two buck. The
Christmas diimer was not a great success in spite of all
that was done to try to make things go off well. One
could not help looking round the table and thinking of
the jolly crowd that spent Christmis Day together in
1916, at Ttilo. Only eight of the original ofiicers of the
4th Battalion were present on both Christmas Days.
No less than twenty-two Europeans in this battalion,
out of the original contingent, had either made the extreme
sacrifice, been woimded, or fallen a victim to the many
diseases which affect that distressful country; but the

286 NIGERIANS IN 6EBMAN EAST AFRICA

4th Battalion was a great deal better ofi than most of
the other battalions in this respect.

Some weeks before Christmas the Gold Coast Regiment
had been sent round by sea to Port Amelia, whilst Gen.
Northey had moved south, and by this time had a strong
force operating against von Lettow through Nyasaland.
On the I2th Janary all the British troops operating from
the Rovuma, except the I.D., began to evacuate Portu-
guese territory owing to the rains having commenced,
thus making the Rovuma dangerous for crossing.

This sees the end of the campaign as far as the Nigerian
Brigade was concerned, and all the battalions were gradu-
ally withdrawn to Mtama. There cannot be a worse
country to be found in Africa than that in which the
Nigerians operated from the Rovuma into Portuguese
East Africa. It is most unhealthy, uninteresting, and
devoid of all native population. No desert could pro-
duce less than this country did during the Nigerian
occupation of Portuguese territory. When the Nigerians
were withdrawn, two strong coltmms were in the act of
operating from Port Amelia and Nj^asaland, whilst a
brigade of King's African Rifles were placed in a good
central position commanding the line of the Rovuma.

CHAPTER XVIII

ENVOI

WITH the crossing of von Lettow into Portu-
guese territory the enemy lost their last colony,
and now not one square mile of territory out-
side Europe does Germany hold. In 1913 she was the
third greatest colonizing power after Britain and France.
Whatever will be the final result of the Great War,
Germany will have to rebuild her Colonial Empire once
again from the bottom. At all costs Germany should
never be allowed to hold one yard of territory in Africa,
for this we owe to ourselves as well as to the native
populations of the late German states.

The African native has proved himself to be made of
first-class fighting material — ^just as good as the best
Indian soldier when properly trained and officered. The
British Government cannot afford to open to the Prussian
General Stafi this vast recruiting ground from which
tens of thousands of the best trained negro soldiers could
operate against Europe or our Asiatic or African posses-
sions. Gen. von Freytag, for some time Deputy Chief
of the German General Stafi, has lately pubUshed a book
entitled " Deductions of the World War." In it we learn
that if bis deductions are correct, the Union Forces of
South Africa will be powerless against the German-
trained hordes of Africans to be, and the conquest of
North Africa and Egypt will follow the fall of South

287

288 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Africa. This, the General maintains, will be accomplished
without the deflection of any white troops from Europe ;
and further, a great army wiU be planted on the flank of
Asia, the influence of which will be felt throughdut the
whole of the Middle East as far as Persia and beyond.
From these facts, as seen by the Germans, it is self-evident
that the ciyjlization of the African native and the economic
development of the whole of this vast continent, will at all
times take a second place to the German schemes for
world power and world conquest. The African native
will be used in future, if the Germans have their way, as
a tool in the hand of (ierman Militarism. For over three
years negro troops under white officers have kept em-
ployed a vast British and Allied army. This fact alone
proves what could be done with a greater and better-
equipped negro force. It is wonderful to think how von
Lettow has managed to hold his force together in spite of
privations of every kind, shortage of ammunition, and a
constant state of being driven from one place to another.
Through aJU this the German native soldier has served
his master most faithfully. I doubt if any other soldier
than an African would have put up with so much dis-
comfort for so many months. If the Germans ever get
back theiplost colonies we and the rest of the world are
courting disaster ; for the German, having found out
what a wonderfully fine soldier the negro makes, will at
the first opportunity form a vast colonial black army,
which will be a menace, not only to the rest of Africa,
but to the whole of the world.

Without the aid of negro troops the Allies would never
have been able to drive von Lettow out of German East
Africa. The Empire owes more recognition than has up
to date been given to the negro soldier for all that he has

ENVOI 289

had to endure and all the appalling hardships in East
Africa and the Cameroons he has gone through for the
sake of the Empire. Their deeds have not been done in
the Umelight, and the pubHc have heard very Uttle of
their doings. None of the battles fought by them will
ever be really famous in the world's history, as many
lesser battles in the past have been, but, my reader, they
have fought and conquered, suffered and died, for the
British -Empire. " There be of them that have left a
name behind them that their praises might be repcnrted,
and some thereby which have no memorial, who are
perished as though they had never been bom." I
sincerely hope that aU the negro has done for the
British race will not be forgotten, and that the wel-
fare of the African will be one of Britain's first con-
siderations after the war ; to continue in the words
of the Book of Ecclesiasticus, let it be that " their
seed shall remain for ever, and their glory shsdl not be
blotted out."

The Brigade eventually embarked for West Africa on
the "iSaxon," the " Briton," and the " Kinfauns Castle "
during the second week of February 1918. AU' these
ships arrived, after a comfortable but uneventful voyage,
at Lagos on the i6th March. The Overseas Contingent
had a tremendous reception, headed by the Governor in
person, on their arrival back in their native land. If
our send-off from Nigeria had been lacking somewhat
in enthusiasm, the home-coming was the very reverse.
Wherever the different imits of the Overseas Contingent
went after landing they were received with open arms
by the people, both black and white, of Nigeria, who did
all in their power to show their appreciation of the
regiment that bears the name of their colony.

19

290 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

'The enemy's stubborn defence of his last colony has
been a great military feat, and Nigerian soldiers are the
first to admire their pluck and endurance, but I thinlr
I shall be voicing the opinion of aU Nigerians if I express
a fervent hope that German East Africa, a land where so
many of our best of both colours have lost their lives or
their health, might never be allowed to become a menace
to our Empire in future by being prematurely or unwisely
returned to its late German owners. I hope this account
has given my reader a little insight into the natmre of the
Nigerian soldier. He is one of the best fellows on earth
when properly handled. His loyalty to his officers is
profound ; he is no saint, but then what other soldiers
are saints ? In many ways he is utterly childish, and
can only be treated as an overgrown child. To know
him is to love him in spite of all his bad habits. He
is a bom gambler, and cannot help playing char-char
(gambling) whenever he has any money/but he is generous
to the point of foolishness, for he is willing to share
his last shilling with a friend or fellow-countryman at
any time.

Ttere is no doubt that the East African Campaign
has been a great education to the native Nigerian.
He has seen much in East Africa, Durban, and Cape
Town that he will never forget, the most important
being the tremendous power and resources of the British
Empire. His mind is no longer bounded by the sea,
bush, and desert of Nigeria ; he is an older, but a much
wiser, soldier now, on his return from the East African
Campaign, than he was when he embarked for that
country.

Nigeria has proved that, besides producing palm oil and
ground nuts, she can produce Men. It remains to be seen

ENVOI 291

if she is going to make the best use of this — ^the world's
most valuable product — ^but now is her opportunity.
Never before in the history of the world has man-power
been at so high a premiima as it is at present.

May the Uves of aU those that have fallen in German
East Africa not have been given in vain, but by their
sacrifice shall yet another great tropical coimtry be added
to ova vast Empire. May Prosperity and Peace reign
in the future in this our youngest Colony as they have
done in the past in all other British possessions through-
out the world. I would conclude this book in the words
of Rudyard Kipling's poem, " The Settler," i written at
the end of the Boer Wax :

Here, where my fresh-tumed furrows run,

And the deep soil gUstens red,
I will repair the wrong that was done

To the living and the dead.
Here, where the senseless bullet fell

And the barren shrapnel burst,
I wfll plant a tree, I wUl dig a well.

Against the heat and the thirst.

Earth, where we rode to slay or be slain,

Our life shall redeem unto life ;
We will gatiier and lead to her lips again

The waters of ancient strife.
From the far and fiercely-guarded streams.

And the pool where we lay in wait.
Till the com cover our evil dreams

And the yomig com our hate.

Bless then our God, the new^yoked plough.

And the good beasts that draw.
And the bread we eat in the sweat of our brow

According to Thy Law !

^ From The Five Nations (Methuen).

292 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

After us comes a multitude —
Prosper the work of our hands.

That we may feed with our land's food
The folk of all our lands !

" Ue unqttam virtus fereemt animusque Nigenmsis 1

AN EPILOGUE

Since completing this book in the spring of igi8 many
dianges have taken place in Nigeria.

From the ashes of the old Nigerian Brigade which
had seen service in Togoland, the Cameroons, and East
Africa, a new Brigade had been bom and in turn has
passed away. On the ist June 1918 this new miit
came officially into being under the title of the ist
(Nigerian) West African Frontier Force Service Brigade ;
at the same time the 2nd West African Frontier Force
Service Brigade was formed in the Gold Coast Colony.
It was hoped that the 3rd (Nigerian) W.A.F.F. Service
Brigade would be formed at a later date. On the com-
pletion of the 3rd Brigade, British West Africa would
be in possession of a Service Division. It must be
remembered that in addition to these service troops
the garrison of the various Colonies had to be maintained.
The 1st (Nigerian) W.A.F.F. Service Brigade, known
locally as the ist West African Service Brigade (ist
W.A.S.B.), was placed under the command of Brigadia:-
General F. H. G. CunliSe, C.B., C.M.G. His StaiE con-
sisted of : Captain A. C. Milne-Home, M.C., Brigade
Major ; Captain J. H. Naumann, StafiE Captain ; lieut.
W. E. Burr, Staff Quartermaster ; Captain H. Bourne,
Paymaster ; Lieut. A. C. £. Darke, D.C.M., Officer in
Charge of Records ; lieut. B. R. Harrison, in Charge of
the Clearing Depot ; with Lieut.-Col. T. M. R. Leonard,
D.S.O., as Principal Medical Officer. The Battalion

294 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Commanders were : ist Battalion — Lieut.-Col. C. E.
Roberts, M.C. ; 2nd Battalion — ^Lieut.-Col. G. L.
Uniacke, D.S.O. ; 3rd Battalion — ^Lieut.-Col. J . A. Stewart ;
4th Battalion— Lieut.-Col. J. Sargent, D.S.O. The other
Unit Commanders were : Major T. A. Vise, M.C., R.A.
Battery Commander ; Captain C. G. Evans, in Command
of the Pioneer Company ; Captain E. F. Carson, Stokes
Gun Battery Commander ; Major W. D. Downes, M.C,
in Command of the Brigade Machine Gun Company.

Of these officers all had been vdth the old Nigerian
Brigade in East Africa, and many of their names already
figure in the foregoing narrative, with the exception of
Lieut.-Col. Stewart, who up to this time had been Com-
manding a Training Centre in Nigeria.

In addition to aU these various units there was an
Overseas Depot of 1800 native rank and file under the
command of Major F. H. Hawley, composed of recruits
who had passed through the Training Centres, and the
Training Centres themselves, which were all placed under
the command of Lieut.-Col. E. C. Feneran.

The old Single-Company system which had been in'
vogue since the formation of the W.A.F.F. now dis-
appeared, and its place was taken by the Double-Company
system, &s in the army at home.

Bombing, Trench Warfare, Scouting, Machine and
Lewis Gimnery, Double Company Drill, etc., occupied
the time of every one from the day of the return of the
Brigade from East Africa tmtil the outbreak of the Egba
rising in June. It is quite impossible to write here of
all that befell the W.A.S.B. during this Expedition in
the forest country of Southern Nigeria, as this would
necessitate a volmne to itself.

During this Exj^dition tl^e battalions were more or

AN EPILOGUE 295

less split up, and companies operated individually. The
Brigade suffered the better part of one hundred casualties
whilst enforcing law and order on the unruly people of
the Egba Province.

The natives of this country chiefly contented them-
selves in pulling up long stretches of the permanent
way of the Nigerian Government Railway, cutting
telegraph wire, and destroying the property of European
traders. The work of the troops was strenuous, but
the Brigade liyed up to its reputation of efficiency smd
discipline.

At last the rebels were forced into subjection early
in August, and the various imits of the Brigade retijrned
to their training stations.

Prom this time onwards the most vigorous training
was carried out by all ranks, so that by the end of
September the Brigade had arrived at a very high state
of efficiency, and was fit for service in any theatre of
operations to which it might be required to proceed.
About this time definite orders were reqeived for the
ist W.A.S.B. to proceed to Egjrpt ; but, alas, Fate was
against this ! Two tfansports out of the five which
had been allotted by the Shipping Controller to move
the Brigade east arrived off Lagos during the last week
of September. Just before their arrival the epidemic
of Spanish influenza, which had invaded two-thirds of
the globe, crept down the West Coast to Nigeria. The
troops and dvil population went down like ninepins
before it, and within a few days of the commencement
of the epidemic in Nigeria over half of the W.A.S.B.
were in hospital. The epidemic was no respecter of
persons. Europeans and natives went down similarly
before it. The medical authorities of Nigeria pronounced

296 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

that it was quite impossible for the Brigade to embark.
Thus the transports continued their journey south to
Cape Town without the troops. ■

The move to Eg3rpt was postponed for a month.
In the meantime the Allies had signed an Armistice
with Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria. Early in November
the move to Egypt was definitely cancelled, and pre-
liminary orders for the demobilization of the Service
Troops of West Africa were received.

The last day of 1918 saw the end of the ist W.A.S.B.
On the 1st January 1919 this fine body of men ceased
to exist.

This is nearly the end of the story of the doings of the
Nigerians in the Great War, but my account would not
be complete if I did not quote the Brigade Order which
was published on i6th December 1918 by Brigadier-
General F. H. G. Cunliffe, C.B., C.M.G. :

" Before the demobiUzation of the ist (Nigerian)
W.A.F.F. Service Brigade is completed, the Brigadier-
General Commanding wishes to bid farewell to all ranks.

" Whereas none can but feel reUef that hostilities are
ended, yet there cannot but be a sense of personal dis-
appointment iiat such a fine body of men as the Service
Brigade contains did not get the opportunity of helping
to administer the cotip de grace to the enemy in the
field.

"As is now known, the Brigade was destined for the
Eg3T)tian Expeditionary Force with a view to operations
in Palestine under General AUenby, to whom a very high
recommendation of the Nigerian Brigade was dispatched.

"To all Units, Departments, and Individuals of the
Brigade who have assisted to bring the Brigade to the
high state of efi&ciency to whjch it has undoubtedly

AN EPILOGUE 297

attained, the Brigadier-General wishes to tender his
deepest gratitude. He wishes to take this opportunity
of expressing his sympathy with the relatives of those
who have given their hves for their country while serving
with the Overseas Contingent and the Service Brigade,
and with those who from wounds or sickness are Ukely
to suffer from lasting effects, and he wishes to offer his
heartiest congratulations to all who have been granted
awards or mentions in dispatches.

"He wishes, the best of luck to all ranks into what-
ever sphere of hfe they are about to enter, whether the
Army, the Civil Service, or private emplosnnents, and
finally hopes that all will spend a happy Christmas and
many prosperous New Years."

Before finally putting down my pen and writing the
words " The End " I shoidd Uke my reader to turn to
East Africa once again. There are some men in this
world whom one is compelled to admire, be they friend
or enemy. General Von Lettow Vorbeck is such a one.

When the Nigerians left Portuguese East Africa and
returned to Lindi, they left Von Lettow with a handful
of men in a desolate, swampy country south-west of
Port Amelia, with the rainy season in front of him.

His native troops were far away from their own country.
He had seen his force dwindle from an army in being to
a handful of outcasts in a strange land.

On the i6th February 1918, as we, on board the Union
Castle steamer the "Briton," watched the low shores of
East Africa sink away below the horizon, we were tempted
to believe that Von Lettow's days were numbered and
that the tragedy of a brave leader's defeat was aU but
completed. To the amazement of ourselves and the
world in general, a few months later Von Lettow led

298 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

his handful of men back across the Rovuma and marched
north again through what had once been a German colony.
When last heard of he was marching towards Tabora,
but when he gave himself up, on 14th November 1918,
he was south of Kasama, in Northern Rhodesia. His
end only came with the fall of the German Empire.
In the . Allies' terms of the Armistice with Germany
Von Lettow was honoured with a clause all to himself,
in which he was allowed a month to give himself up,
I do not think that in the whole history of the war there
has ever been a more striking character than General
Von Lettow Vorbeck. He was a genius in the art of
bush warfare, a man of indomitable spirit — a most
remarkable leader of men, who did not know what it
was to be beaten. T6 him discomfort, hunger, heat,
shortage of ammimition and supplies were all as nothing.
He had one object in life only, and that was never to be
taken by the British. He has at least earned for himself
imd37ing fame for being a brave man and a worthy
enemy.

This is the end — ^Armageddon has been fought and
won — ^the British Empire has made good I It has
proved once again in history that it is invincible and
can never be broken into from the outside as long as it
stands together. It is as the City of Mansoul referred
to in John Bunyan's "Holy War," which could only be
broken into at the will of the townsmen :

" For here lay the excellent wisdom of him that built
Mansoul, that the walls could never be broken
down nor hurt by the most mighty adverse
potentate unless the townsfnen gave consent
thereto."

APPENDIX A

LIST OF FIGHTING TROOPS IN THE FIELD AT THE
END OF I916

2nd L.N. Lanes.
25th Royal Fus^iers.
2nd Rhodesian Regt.
5th S.A. Infantry.
6th „

7th »

8th „

loth „

98th Infantry.

63rd P.L.L

6ist Pioneers.

57th Rifles,

129th Baluchis.

40th Pathans.

Indian Vol. Maxims.

17th Indian Infantry.

30th Punjabis.

130th Baluchis.

2nd Kashmirs.

3rd Kashmijp.

Bharatpar Infantry.

3rd Gwaliors.

Jhind Infantry.

Kapurthala Infantry.

Rampur Infantry.

5th Light Infantry.

ist Nigeria Regt., W.A.F.F,

2nd „ „

3rd Nigeria Regt., W.A.F.F.

4th » »

Gold Coast Regt., „

1/2 K.A.R.
1/3' »
2/3 ,.
2/2

2/4 »

5th „

African Scout Battalion.

Cape Corps.

2nd W.I. Regt;

British W.I. Regt.

4th S.A. Horse. ■"

7th „

9th „ „

K.A.R., M.I.

No. I S.A. Field Battery.

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

No. 5

No. 6

No. 7

No. 8

No. 12 „

No. 12 „

(Howitzer Battery.)

299

300 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

No. 13 S.A. Field Battery. No. 27 Mountain Battery.

No. 14 „ „ No. 28

No. 15 „ „ 134th Howitzer Battery.

(Heavy Battery.) Naval Gun Detachment.

No. 16 S.A. Field Battery. Gold Coast Regt. Battery.
Kashmir Mountain Battery. Nigerian Battery.
* No. 22

APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF STRENGTHS OF INFANTRY BATTALIONS IN
GERMAN EAST AFRICA, I917, ESTIMATED ON THE
BASIS OF MAXIMUM " EFFECTIVE " STRENGTH

I. European Battalions :

25th Royal Fusiliers

. 200

870 — of whom 400

259th M.G. Coy. .

• 70

permanently, and

6th S.A.I. .

. 200

200 (6th S.A.I.)

7th S.A.I. .

. 200

mostly, were on

8th S.A.I. .

. 200,

L.ofC.

2. Indian Battalions :

(a) Imperial:

'

5th L.I.

30th Punjabis

17th Infantry (The Loyal Regt.)

Maximum aver-

33rd Punjabis

age effective

40th Pathans

• strength, 450.

55th (Coke's Rifles)
57th (wade's Rifles)

10 Battalions

=4500.

127th Baluchis

129th Baluchis

6ist K.G.O, Pioneers

*

(b) Imperial Service :

Bharatpur Infantry

'

Maximum aver-

Gwalior Infantry

age effective

Jhind Infantry

■ sti<ength, 400.

Eapurthala Infantry

5 Battalions

* Rampur Infantry

^

»=2O0O.

Ml

802 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

3. African Battalions :

K.A.R., 20 Battns.
N.R., 4 Battns. at
*Gambia Company
Gold Coast Regt.
Cape Corps

4. West Indian Troops :

W.I. Regt.
B.W.I. Regt.

at

/
500^

500

100

700

1600,

14,400

}

600. Both on L. of C.
latterly.

Total Strength — 21,770

European Battns. 4.0% /^"^"P"-^ ^^1 ^«o,
IndiaSTBattns. z^.%%[ q«asi- Euro- | 6.8%

African Battns. 63.4% /Natives pure "» ' „,
W.I. Battns. 2.8% \ and simple /93-2/o

5. Mounted Troops : ,

1. Europeans, iothS.A.H., 200 t^ -j Europ^ns, 34%

2. Indians, 25tb Cavalry, 300 -{ ■§ >■ Indians, 50%

' J Africans,

3. African, K.A.H., M.I., 100

Artillery :

(i) Europeans —

No. 3 S.A.F.A.

No. 5 S.A.F.A.

No. 15 R.M.A.H.B.

Cornwall H.B.

HuU H.B.

5 Batteries
14 Guns

16%

Percentage of
Batteries, 45.4
Percentage of
Guns, 36

(2) Indians
22nd M.B.
24th M.B.
27tli M.B.
29th M.B.
K.M.B.

5 Batteries
20 Guns

Percentage of
Batteries, 36.3
Percentage of
Guns, 42

Nigerian Battery
Gold Coast Battery

APPENDIX B 808

(3) Africans —

,/• -v Percentage of

2 Batteries Batteries, , 18.3
8 Guns Percentage of

Guns, 22

Percentage of Batteries — ^European . 45.4

Native . 54.6
Percentage of Guns — European . 33.33

Native . 66.66

7. Technical Troops : '

(i) Indian — Faridhkot Sappers and Miners, and one
other unit.

(2) African — ^E.A. Pioneers (2 sections). Road Corps

(2), Nigenan Pioneers (i Coy.).

(3) European — Nil.

8. Administrative Services (non-combatants) :

A.S.C., S.A.S.C.. R.A.M.C., E.A.M.S., W.A.M.S.,

S.A.M.C., Transport and Supply Departments,

G.H.Q., Staffs, Signals, etc. — almost entirely
European.

304 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

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340 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

APPENDIX D

CASUALTIES

Below is given the Roll of Honour of the Nigerian
Overseas Contingent for the whole period that we were
in East Africa :

Officers Killed in
Major Green.
Capt. Barclay.
Capt. Cook.
Capt. Dudley.
Capt. Higgins.
Capt. Stretton, M.C.
Capt. Norton Harper.
Capt. Waters, M.C.
Lieut. Strong.
Lieut. Ewen.

Action or Died of Wounds.

Lieut. W. H. Harrison.
Lieut. F. OUver. '"
Lieut. Joseland.
Lieut. Stevenson.
Lieut. F. H. Robinson.
Lieut. H. W. Robinson.
Lieut. Miller-Stirling.
. Lieut, Ryaii.

Lieut. Sutherland-Brown.

British Non-Commissioned Officers Killed in Action
or Died of Wounds.

C.Q.M.S. Lamb, D.C.M. Sergt. Tomlin. '^

Sergt. Spratt. Sergt. Packe.

Sergt. Evans, D.C.M. Sergt. Riley.
Sergt. Booth.

Officers Died of Disease.

Capt. the Hon. R. E. Noel. Lieut. Baker,
lieut, Huddart. Lieut. Catt, M.C.

British N on-Commissioned Officers Died of Disease.

Sergt. Powter. Sergt. Whitaker.

Sergt. S. Walker. Col. Sergt. Duggan.

Sergt, North. Sergt. Major Dwyer,
Sergt. Kelly.

APPENDIX D 841

Officers and British N on-Commissioned Officers Wounded
and Prisoners of War {suhsequentty released uncon-
ditionally).

Major Gard'ner. Col. Sergt. Wroe.

Lieut. Jeffries. Sergt. Wooley.

Col. Sergt. Speak.

Officers severely Wounded.

Major WaUer, D.S.O. Lieut. Thompson.

Capt. and Adj. Collins, M.C. Lieut. Winter, M.C.

Capt. A. C. Robinson, M.C. Lieut. M3d;ton.

Capt. Carson. Lieut. Southby, M.C.

Capt. O'Connell. Lieut. Buchanan-Smith, M.C.

Capt. Budgen. Lieut. Spaxman.

Capt. AUen (twice). Lieut. Graydon.

Capt. Armstrong, M.C. Lieut. Fox.

Capt. Rickards. Lieut. KeUock.

Capt. Pring, M.C. Lieut. MulhoUand.

Capt. Gardner, M.C. Lieut. BoviU.

Capt. Finch. Lieut. Cuimingham.

Lieut. Newton. Lieut. Hawkins.

Lieut. Yotmg.

Officers slightly Wounded.

Lieut.-Col. Feneran. Lieut. Grandfield.

Lieut.-Col. T. M. R. Leonard. Lieut. HiUman.
Major Gibb. Lieut. Edwards.

Capt. O'Connell. Lieut. Snape.

Lieut. S.tudley, M.C. Lieut. Jerrim.

Lieut, and Adj. Winter, M.C. Lieut. Dyer.
Lieut. Steed. Lieut. Pomeroy.

British N on-Commissioned Officers severely Wounded.

Sergt. Reilly. Sergt. Care-.

Sergt. Dixon. Sergt. Groom.

342 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Sergt. Trandark. Sergt. Ward.

Col. Sergt. Kerry. Sergt. Darke,

Col. Sergt. Watldns. Sergt. Manad.
Sergt. M'Knight.

British Non-Commissioned Offic&rs slighUy Wounded.

Col. Sergt. Hunsworth. Sergt. Hunt, M.M.

Sergt. Fraser. Sergt. Tanner.

Sergt. Booth. Sergt. Empringham.
Sergt. O'Bergin.

Accidentally Wounded.
Capt. Drake.

Officers invalided out of German East Africa from Diseases
contracted on Active Service.

Lieut, and Act. Adj. Travers. Lieut. R. F. Forrest.

Lieut. H. de B. Bewley. Lieut. Rutland.

Capt. R. R. Taylor. Lieut. W. E. Burr.

Lieut. R. H. Wortham. Lieut. W. B. Preston.

Capt. H. C. Faussett. Lieut. Avary.

Capt. E. T. P. Ford. Lieut. Marlow.

Lieut. Harris, M.M. Lieut. Hobson.

lieut. B. G. Cavanagh. Lieut. Wood.
Lieut. Harrison.

British N on-Commissioned Officers permanently invalided
out of German East Africa from Diseases contracted
on Active Service.

B.S.M. Thorogood. Sergt. Grinyer.

Armourer Sergt. Collins. Sergt. Taylor.
Sergt. Pearce.

APPENDIX D

848

The following table gives the numbers of native rank
and file killed or died of wounds, or died from the result
of accidents incurred by Active Service conditions, died
of disease, and wounded, during the whole campaign.
In addition many deaths occurred during the return
voyage to Nigeria, which are not included in this table.
This Ust does not include deaths to men repatriated on
account of woimds or disease, who died after leaving
East Africa : —

Company.

No. I

2

3
4
5
6

7
8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

i6 .
Battery -
Pioneer Section
Drafts

aued.

Died.

Wounded

38

10

52

17

8

38

15

16

63

7

8

II

7

12

47

II

II

33

13

14

24

9

7

26

35.

5

76

41

16

75

16

10

24

32

7

86

22

15

38

14

II

19

13

18

26

22

IQ

49

23

17

22

3

3

6'

12

56

31

INDEX

Note. — See also Appendices A, B, C, and D for Lists of Units,
Awards, and Casualties.

Abdualla-Kwa-Nangwa, 184 |

Abdulai, Cpl., 199

Abercorn, 26

Abudu IHnga, 158, 159

"Adgital," 23

Aiolabi Ibadan, 157

African Scouts, 57

Ahaji Maifoni, Pte., 99

Albertville, 39

Allenby, General, 296

Alt Utengule, 116

Ambrose, Capt., 155

Anderson, Capt., 94

Arclier, Laeut.-Col., 46, 75, 76, 77,

81
Armstrong, Capt., 81, 152, 154
Aruscha, 33
"Astraea," 22

Awudu Kadunu, Lance-Cpl., 100
Awudu Katsena, 78, 79, 200, 206,

207

Bachmann, Sergt., 280

Badger, Sergt., 178

Badham, Lieut.-Col., 70, 82, 83,

152. 153, 237i 238, 239, 240, 284
Bagamojo, 36
Balnave, Lieut., 239
Baluchi Camp, 59, 65
Ealuchis, 60, 6x, 66, 71, 72, 180,

255, 276, 277, 278
Bangalla, 276

Barclay, Capt., 74, 78, 79, 241
Beho Beho, 65, 66, 74
Belgian Congo, 37, 39
Belgians, 15, 26, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41,

118, 123, 124, 131, 136, 137, 138,

142, 143, 145. 146, 183, 184
Belo Akure, Company-Sergt.-Maj.,

7, 104, 105, 106, 107, 122, 123

" Berwick Castle," H.M.T., 47, 48,

50
Beves, Brig.-Gen., 41, 54, 59, 67,

69, 96, 189, 190, 191, 193, 197,

198, 212, 213, 2i6, 229
Bharatpur Imperial Service In-
fantry, 152
Bismarckberg, 38
Boma Ja-Ngombe, 29, 30
Booth, Major, loi
!6otha. Gen., 37
Bottom Camp, iii
Bourne, Capt., 293
Breytenbach, Lieut.-Col., 182, 276,

277, 282
British South African PoUce, 39
British West India Regiment, 149
" Briton," 289, 297
Buchanan-Smith, Lieut., 98, 99,

100, 152, 153, 154
Buigin, 129
Bukoba, 24

Burney, Capt., 178, 240
Burr, Lieut., 293
Butler, Capt., 43
Bweho Chmi, 150, 159, 168, 169,

170, 171, 17s, 176, 177. 178, 182,

272
Bweho-Ju, 170, 179
Bweho-Kati, 170, 176
Byron, Col., 31, 94

"C 23" Camp, 150, 151
Calabar, 47

Cape Corps, 57, 69, ^o, Ti, 73, 93,
94, 142, 166, 183, 232, 233, 234,

235. 237> 240. 241, 255
Care, Sergt., 80
Carrier Corps, 97, 220, 244, 256
Carson, Capt., 156, 294
Catt, Lieut., 237, 240

345

346 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Central Railway, 15, 16, 33, 36,

37. 40. 41. 51, 52, 109, 117. 119.

120, 145, 146
Chemera, 95
Chikalala, 243
Chinde, 38

Chirumaka, 155, 159, 161, 220
Chiwata, 245, 246, 247, 249
Coke's Rifles, 251
Collins, Capt., 158
Cooke, Capt., 75, 76
Crichton, Capt., the Hon. J., 46
CroT^e, Lieut., 206
CunUfie, Brig.-Gen., 7, 46, 53, 57,

59, 61, 65, 67, 73, 93, loi. 170.

i8o, 185, 229, 242, 293, 296

D

Dakawa, 60, no, in, 113
Dakawa-Kissaki, 59
Dar-es-Salaain, 15, 16, 17, 36, 50,

51, 53. 142. 149. 162, 163, 166,

249, 268
Darke, Lieut., 293
Dean, Lieut., 239'
Dennistoun, Lieut.-Comdr., 23
Deventer, Gen. van, 30, 31, 32,

33, 34, 36, 39, 139, 142, 166, 176,

274, 281, 282
Dickson, Sergt., 80
Dodo JaUngo, Pte, 99
Dodoma, 33, 34, 36, 86, 96, 120,

162
Dorrendorf, 129, 130
Downes, Major, 294
Dudley, Capt., 75, 76
Durban, 49, 50
DutUumi, 41, 53, 54, 37, 39, 6i,

62, 66, 67, 74, III, 145
Dyer, Lieut. J., 64
Dyke, Col., 166

£

East African Brigade, 33
Edwards, Brig.-Gen., 117, 118,

ri9, 123
Edwards, Lieut., 231
Egba, 294,295

Element, Sergt., 133, 137, 199, 200
Eley, Sergt., 200
Engare Kanjuka, 29
Evans, Capt., 294

Evans, Sergt., 205
Ewen, Lieut., 76

Fairweather, Col., 94

Faridkhot Sappers, 67, 183

Faire, 184

Feneran, lieut.-Col., 46, 72, 73, 294

Ford, Capt., 238

Fowle, Capt., 172

"Fox," H.M.S., 19

Fox, Lieut., 133, 133, 136, 137,

198, 201
Freith,,Col., 180, 181
Freytag, Gen. von, 287

Gambia Company, 162, 165, 183,
196, 209, 211, 212, 215, 216,
218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225,
227, 233, 262

Gard'ner, Major, 73, 76, 79, 80,
83, 84, 256

Gardner, Capt., 63, 172, 173, 178,
231

Gazi, 18, 28

Gereragua, 29

Gerth, 130

Gibb, Col., 162, 196, 197, 239

Gold Coast Regiment, 43, 44, 179,
180, 181, 286

Gongonuchi, 276, 283

Green, Major, 59, 74, 238, 241

Grenadiers, 20

Griffiths, Lieut., 166, 167

H

Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,

282
Handeni, 35, 143
Hanforce, 183
Hannyngton, Brig.-Gen., 34, 33,

95, 166, 167, 176, 180, 190, 232,

242, 243, 244
Hardingham, Lieut., 17
Harman, Lieut., 270
Harrison, Lieut., 76, 293
Hart, Lieut., 233, 256
Hasethausen, Capt., 24
Hatia, 236, 242, 244

INDEX

347

Hawkins, Lieut., 230
Hawley, Major, 294 ^
Hawthorne, Col., 39, 94, 184
Hellier, Rev. A. B., 129
Hervey, Sergt., 199, 200
Hetley, Capt., 83, 198, 202, 239,

, .253, 254

Hickson, Lieut.-Col., 24

Higgins, Capt., 178

Hilton, Ijeut., 79, 80, 81, 137

Hobson, Lieut., 170

Holland, Capt., 138, 139, 140

" Hong Wan I," 149, 163, 164

Hoskins, Lieut.-Gen., 34, 35, 85,

87. 88, 95
Hunt, Sergt., 206

Ifinga, 94

Ikoma, 142, 143

Ikungu Kawa, Segela, 125, 126

Indian Brigade, 59

Indian Cavalry, 167, 182, 276

Indian Imperial Service Troops,

20
Indian Mountain Battery, 180,

181
Indian Regular Infantry, 20
Intelligence Dept., 144, 145, 159,

188, 237, 242, 270, 271, 277, 284
Ipakara, 144
Eangi, 38, 39
Ijringa, 86, 96
Itete, 147
Itigi, 117
Ititi, 121

Jambe Showish, 134
Jassin, 21, 22
JefBties, Lieut., 80, 256
Jose, Lient., 178

K

Kagera, 24

Karangu, 18, 22, 24

Kasama, 298

Kashmiris, 5, 8, 20, 70, 72, 93,

94, 152, 224, 254, 276, 284
Kasigan, 28
Kassile, 33
Kate, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34

Kellock, Lieut., 121, 122, 123, 199,

200
Kendu, 18
Kibambawe, 65, 68, 70, 74, 83,

93, 96
Kibinda, 94
Kibongo, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77,

81, 82, 83, 85, 93. 97, 102, 103,

104, 105
Kidatu, 144
Kiderengwa, 61, 64
Kidode, 144
Kigoma, 15

Kilimanjaro, 17, 21, 28, 29, 30, 33
Kilimatinde, 33, 34, 36
Kilossa, 39, 86, 96, 117
KUundu, 116
Kilwa, 15, 86, 95, 96, 146, 148.

149, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 182,

194, 195, 244, 264, 265
Kilwa-Kisiwauii, 164
" Kinfauns Castle," 289
King Hall, Vice-Admiral, 16, 25
King's African Rifles, 16, 18, 22,

24, 25, 31, 39, 94, 96, 116, 152,

155, 156, 159, 165, 167, 179, 180,

182, 224, 225, 230, 241, 254, 255,

286
King's East African Rifles, 97
Kipenio, 67, 68, 69, 108, 109, 147,

148
Kirfurbira, 23
Kiruru, 59, 63
Kisii, 18

Kissaki, 59, 65, 67
Kissengwe, 67
Kissiwami, 23
Kisumu, 24
Kitande, 94
Kitangari, 255, 274
Kitarara, 121
Kitchener, Col., 139
Kitope, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148
Kitundu, 117, 118
Kivu, 39
Kiyinje, 23
Klinkhardt, Hauptmann, 280, 282,

283
Kokombo, 36
Kondoa Irangi, 33, 34, 143
" Konigsberg," 18, 25, 26, 40, 57,

150
Korogwe, 34, 35
Koromo, 117
Koronga, 37
Kraut, Major, 39, 94
Kwale, 23

348 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Lamb, Colour-Sergt,, 77

Laxsen, Majo^, 123

Latma, 30, 31

Law, Capt., 162 ^ ^

Ldedda, 167

Legion of EVontieTsmen, 24, 66,

226, 265
Leonard, Lieiit.-Col., 293
Lettow-Vorbeck, von, 15, 34, 117,

190, 192, 193, 203, 216, 217,
219, 220, 236, 247, 250, 274,
278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283,
286, 287, 288, 297, 298

LJhero, 186
Likuju, 85, 94
Lincke, 278

Lindi, 15, 95, 146, 149, 150, 162,
182, 183, 183, 186, 188, 189,

191, 193, 195, 197, 229, 230, 297
Linforce, 183, 185, 189, 190, 193,

194, 197, 203, 211, 220, 221, 229,

232, «33
Liwale, 95, 145, 183, 184
Lloyd, Capt., 265
Loge-Loge, 144
Longido, 21, 29
loyal North Lancashire Regiment,

20
Luale, 166, 168, 176, 179, 182
Luale Chini, 168
Luale Kati, 167
Luatala, 276, 277
Luchemi, 251, 254, 255, 256, 274
Lugenda, 279
Luhembero, 92
Lujenda, 284
Lukuguru, 35
Lukuledi, 160, 190, 221, 237, 241,

243
Lungo, 167
Lupembe, 38
Lusbimi, 280
Lutiniba, 191
Luwegu, 144
Luxford, Capt., 237
Lyle, Col., 58, 59, 63. 64, 65, 66

M

M'Gregor, Capt., 277
Mafia, 22
Magadi, 143

Mahenge, 117, 144, 146, 182, 184,
274

Mahiwa, 12, 149, 159, 189, 192, I93i

196, 197, 198, 203, 216, 221, 223,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231,
232, 233, 234, 237, 241, 265, 267,
272, 275

Maifundi Shua, Sergt., 173
Makanya, 281

Makonde, 244, 245, 246, 253
Malongwe, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123,

i24» 126, 127
"Malukuta," H.M.T., 47
Mamatews, 95
Mann, Brig.-Gen., 46, 185, 189,

197, 198, 203, 213, 214, 216, 217,
220, 227, 229, 234, 246; 284

Masbachi, 142

Massassi, 183, 190, 193, ^97, 221,

275, 276
Matandu, 96
Maungn, 17
Majwa, 73, 80, 145
Mawerenye, 170, 171, 179
Maxwell, Capt., 76, 109, 196, 197,

198
Mbaba Iramba Kingangira, 132
Mbaga, 132
Mbenkuru, 182
Mbuyumi, 28
Mchmga, 2S4
Mdogo, 28
Medo Boma, 284
"Mendi," H.M.T., 47, 50, 51, 56
"Mersey," H.M.S., 25, 26
Meru, 29, 33
Meza, 2S4
Mgeta, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,

66, 67, 86, 87, no
Mhnlu, 186
Mihambia, 166
Miller-StirUng, Lieut., 217
Mills, Lieut., 71, 72
Milne-Home, Capt., 75, 98, 99,

102, 229, 293
Mikesse, 51, 53, 67, 85, 112, 113
Milow, 94 ,

Mingoyo, 149, 150
Mirola, 187, 188, 189
Mkalama, 127, 131, 133, 134, 135,

138, 140, 141
Mkindu, 69, 7°, 7^, 72, 73, 74, 75,

85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98,

loi, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108,

109, 114
Mtwera, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239,

241, 242
Mohoro, 96
Molitor, Col., 40

INDEX

349

f f

Moma Adija, Lance-Cpl., 120, 122
Mombasa, 16, 18, 21
Montgomery, Major, 116, 117
Morakmyo Ibadan, Company-

Sergt.-Major, 82
Morogoro, 36, 41, 54, 109, 114,

117, iiS, 135, 142, 144, 148,
158, 162, t63, 262

Morris, Lieut.-Col., 70, 72, 73, 183

Moschi, 31

Moshi, 143

Mpangaaya, 144

Mpangas, 98, loi, 102, 113, 148,

162
Mpangula, 249
Mpapua, 36
Mpembe, 189
Mremba, 216, 23^ 234
Mssindyi, 166, 167, J83
Msnras, 167
Mswega, 147
Mtama, 161, 183, 189, 197, 215,

220, 221, 229, 233, 286
Mtamla, 144
Mtete, 186, 187
Mtsbinyiri, 186, 189
Mtua, 151, 191
Mua, III
" Muanza," 22
Muanza, 36, 39, 40, 117, 142
Mulholland, Lieut., 200
Muller, 236
Murray, Col., 39, 94, 95, 116, 117,

118, 184
Mwaya, 38
Mwele, 28
Mwembe, 284

Mwiti, 250, 274, 276, 277

N

Nahanga, 186, 188

Nahungu, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 185, 186

Nairobi, 16, 18

Nakadi, 216, 226, 265

Nakin, 179, 180

Namupa Mission, 193, 194, 196,
197, 202, 203, 204, 209, 211,
213, 215, 216, 220, 222, 225

Nangano, 183, 184

Nangoar, 284

Nangoo, 236, 242, 243, 276

Nanguri, 283

Narumbego, 186, 187

Natron, 18

Naumann, Capt., 118, 119, 121, 123,
124, 125, 128, 142, 143, 162, 166,
182, 293

Naurus, 276, 281

Ndanda, 243, 244, 245, 246, 268

Ndessa, 166

Nengedi,*i5i, 152

Nengidi, 160

Nethersole, Capt., 276, 277

Newala, 274, 275, 278

New Langenberg, 38, 94

New Moschi, 30

Newton, Lieut., 70, 71

Ngedi, 192

Ngembe, 82, 94

Ngomano, 279, 280, 283

Ngororo, 250

Ngwembe, 70, 73, 73, 81, 85, 92,
108

Nigerian Battalions, 131

Nigerian Battery, 46, 57, 67, 72,
74, 79, 81, 98, 99, 109, 114, 163,
l6s, 167, 180, 181, 196, 203, 204,
215, 216, 218, 219, 231, 239, 245,
250J 254, 262

Nigerian Brigade, 46, 47, 50, 51,
53, 55, 56, 66, 70, 85, 89, 90, 92,
94, 98, 114, "5, J44, 149, 150,
162, 165, 166, 167, 183, 186, 189,
192, 199, 203, 226, 227, 228, 229,
233, 234, 235, 242, 243, 249, 251,
254. 255, 264, 268, 26Q, 274, 275,
276, 279, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286,
289, 296

Nigerian Government Railway, 295

Nigeria Overseas Contingent, 46,
289, 297

Nigerian Koneer Section, 165, 180,
182, 185, 186, 196, 218, 294

Nigeria Regiment, 7, 12, 42, 63,
64, 136, 178

Nigeria Regiment, ist Battalion,
8, 47, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65,
66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 82, 93, 109,
142, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168,
169, 171, 172, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 185, 196, 197, 203, 209,
210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216,
221, 222, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232,
233, 236, 240, 245, 246, 249, 250,
251, 255, 262, 274, 284,

Nigeria Regiment, 2nd Battalion,
8, 47, 51, 54, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66,
68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 90, 91, 93,
98, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169,
172, 176, 178, 180, 181, 185, 190,

350 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

196, 198, 202, 207, 209, 211, 213,
214, 223, 231, 254

Nigeria Regiment, 3rd Battalion,
7. 47. 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 73,
74. 75. 77. 78. 81. 82, 91, 99, I44.
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151,
152. 155. 158, 159, 160, 161, 163,
167, 213, 214, 220, 221, 222, 223,

224, 225, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237,

238, 239, 241, 269, 284
Nigeria Regiment, 4th Battalion,

7. 47. 51. 56, 57. 59. 60, 61, ei2,
64, 65, 66, 65, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81,
82, 98, 104, 106, 109, 114, 117,
118, 124, 133, 135, 140, 142,
149, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168,
170, 176, 179, ifio, 182, 185, 186,
196, 198, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208,
209, 211, 214, 223, 235, 236, 237,

239, 240, 241, 243, 246, 250, 253,
262, 275, 285, 286

5th Nigeria Regiment, 9
Nigerian Signal Section, 166, 185
Nigerian Stokes Gnn Section, 165,

185, 196, 239, 245, 249, 250, 294
Nkadi, 233
Nkalu, 116
Nongo, 151

' Norttiem Nigeria Regunent, 8, 9
Northern Rhodesian Police, 26, 39
Northey, Gen., 37, 39, 85, 94, 95,

116, 145, 146, 243, 276, 286
Norton-Harper, Capt., 92, 140, 206,

209, 241
Nrunyn, 150, 151
Nyahua, 119
Nyakisiku, 93
Nyandote, 75
Nyangandu, 147
Njrangao, 183, 190, 193, 196, 197,

203, 213, 214, 215, 221, 222, 223,

225, 229, 231, 233
Nyassa, 25, 37, 38
Nyassaland, 16, 37, 38, 286
Nyengedi, 156, 159, 160, 161, 186,

190, 191, 192, 221

O'Connell, Capt., 232

O'Grady, Brig.-Gen., 95, 150, 151,
152. 153, 159, 212, 213, 214, 221,
222, 223, 224, 228, 234, 242, 243,
246, 247, 254

Oliver, ueut., 178

Orr, Col., 180, 181, 251

Otto, Oberleutnant, 81, 184, 278,

279
Overseas Depot, 294

Pangani, 35, 36, 57

Pare, 29

Pinto, Major, 279, 280

Htu, 94

Pomeroy, Lieut., 79, 85

Poroto, 38

Port Amelia, 284, 286, 297

Portuguese, 279, 280, 281, 283,

284
Portuguese East Africa, 15, 28,

145, 146, 286, 297
Pretorius, Major, 185, 189, 192,

270
Pring, Capt., 93, 171
Punjabis, 16, 17, 21, 66

R

Redhill, 164, 165
Rhodesia, 37, 38, 146
Rhodesians, 31, 57, 145
Rickards, Capt., 215
Ridgeway, Col,, 246, 247
Riedemarkers, Lieut., 137
Riley, Sergt., 200, 2or
Roberts, Major, 77, 78, 81, 83,

209, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219,

220, 232,294
Robinson, Capt., 78,181, 155, 156,

157
Rondo, 190, 191, 192, 193
Rovuma, 144, 145, 146, 163, 263,

269, 276, 278, 279, 282, 284, 285,

286, 298
Ruaha, 144
Rufiji, 15, 23, 25, 41, 59, 65, 66,

67, 68, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 95. 96,

98, 107, 109, 110, 112, 114, 135,

142, 144. 145. 146, 147. 148, 149.

163, 261, 269, 270, 271, 272
Ruhudje, 39
Rukwe, 26
Rupiagine, 190, 191
Ruponda, 190, 232
Russell, Colour-S^gt., 74 .
Ruwu, 30, 32, 33, 34, 43, 54, 55,

56, 112
Ruwutop, 53
Ryan, Lieut., 225, 226

INDEX

351

Sadoni, 36
Saidi, 184
St Michael, 40
St Mbritz, 116
Saisi, 26

Sail Bagirmi, Cpl., 201
Salita, 28, 29, 30
Sangenla, 125, 127, 131
Sargent, lieut.-Col., 46, 77, 80,
81, 82, 98, 109, 112, 124, 127,

131. 133, 138. 141, 179, 180,

205, 229, 294
" Saxon," 289
Schaedels, 150
Sche&feld, 278
Schnee, von, 284^
Scbul^, Under-omcer, 249
" Seaagbee," H.M.T., 47, 50
Segara, 35
Selous, Capt., 65
Serengeti, 17, 28
" Severn," H.M.S., is, 26
Shaw, Lieut., 220, 256
Shefu Katagum, Sergt., 136
Shell Camp, 57
Sheppard, Gen., 32, 33, 35, 59,

65, 66, 70, 85
Shinyanga, 141
Shirati, 22
Shorthose, 183
Sibiti, 141
Sikonge, 117
Simiyn, 142

Singidda, 127, 128, 131, 133
Smith-Donien, Gen. Sir H., 27,

37
Smuts, Gen., 14, 27, 28, 29, 30,

33. 36, 37. 51. 53. 68, 267
Songei, 38, 39, 94. ^45
South African Brigade, 33, 59, 67
South African Horse, 183, 276
South African Infantry ^gade, 30,

31, 34. 35, 41
South African Motor Cychst Corps,

94
South African Mounted Brigade,

29, 30
Soulh African Rifles, 39
Southby, Lieut., 155, 158
Southern Nigeria Regiment, 7, 9
Spe^k, Colour-Sergt., 80
Sphinxhaven, 25
Spr4tt, Sergt., 198
SprackhofE, 154
Ssingino, 164

Stamp, Sergt., 206

Stephenson, lieut., 178

Stewart, Major J. A., 24, 25, 29,

30, 294
Stobart, Lieut., 179
Stofe, 32

Stretton, Capt., 171, 216, 217
Stretton Hill, 90
Strong, Lieut., 172, 173, 178
Studley, Lieut., 172, 173, 178
Suberu Ilorin, Pte., 99
Subiti, 140, 141
Suli Begaremi, Lance-Cpl., 62
O'SuUevan, Major J. J., 26, 27
Sumanu,' Company-Sergt.-Major,

7, 157
Summit Camp, 56, in, 112, 113
Sutherland-Brown, Lieut., 156

Tabora, 26, 36, 39, 40, 41, 116,
117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123,
128, 129, 130, 141, 142, 145, 146,

243. 249, 298

Tafel, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
281, 282, 283

Tandala, 94, 95

Tanga, 15, 19, 20, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36

Tanganyika, 15, 37, 39, 40

Tanti, Sergt., 178

Tasker^ Sergt., 219

Taveta, 17, 28, 29, 30

Taylor, Col., 150, 131, 161

Thehlke, Dr., 14

Thompson, 79

Thomson, Col., 150

Tighe, Gen., 25, 28, 31

Tindwas, 93

Tirimo, 141

Togoland, 5, 23

Tombour, 39

Tomlin, 225

Tomlinson, Col., 94, 116

Travers, Lieut., 106, 107, 112

Trengjrouse, Lieut., 176

TroUop, Sergt., 200

Tsavo, 17, 18

Tschipwadwa,' 186, 187

Tschungi, 36

Ts^e, 2^8, 249

Tshitishiti, igo

Tshrimba, 277

Tsimbe, 64

Tukeru Bouchi, Company-Sergt.-
Major, 200

352 NIGERIANS IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Tulo, 41, 53, s6, 58, 59, 108, III,
^ "3. 285
Tunduru, 184

U

Ubena, 39
, Uganda, 16, 24, 27
lUganda Railway, 16, 23, 27, 28

Ujiji. 39, 4°
Ukula, 283

UlugUTU, 96

Umba, 28

Uniacke, LJeut.-Col., 69, 146, 147,

178, 294
Usambara, 15, 29
Uspke, 40
Utete, 95, 96

Victoria Nyanza, 17, 18, 22, 24,

36, 39. 40. 142
Vise, Lieut., 99, 100, 294
Voi, 17, 28

W

Wahle, Gen., 26, 39

Waholo, 187

Waller, Major, 46, 79, 99

Warri, Pte. J., 59, 60

Waters, Capt., 178, 225

Webb, Major, 118, 119, 121, 123

West African Frontier Force, i, 3,
5, 8, 9, II, 12, 13, 43, 217, 293,
294, 296

West AJxic^n Frontier Force Ser-
vice Brigade, 293

West African Service Brigade, 293,
294, 295. 296

West,JJieut.-Col., 46, 69

Whittingham, Sergt., 269

Wiedhaven, 94

Williams, Capt., 92

Williams, Pte. J., 148

"Winifred," 22 ^

Winter, lieut., 79, 8i, 251

Wintgens, 94, 95, 116, 117, 118

Wiransi, 110

" Wissmann, von," 25

Woodward, Archdeacon, 128

Woolley, Sergt., 80

Wroe^ Sergt., 80

Young, lieut., 70

Z

Zambesi, 38
Zanzibar, 14, 118, 258

PviniediH Greui Britain
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